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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□ 


n 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicui6e 

I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avoc  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires- 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6x6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 

□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  peliiculees 


El 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piquees 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

0Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 


I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  dt6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

re 

letails 
9S  du 
Tiodifier 
9r  une 
ilmage 


es 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  iteeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

IVIaps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
g6ndrosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


'  errata 
d  to 

It 

le  pelure, 

:on  d 


n 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

No  Dynasty  in  North  America. 


THE  WEST  BETWEEN   SAET  WATEItS. 

HUDSON  BAY  A  f  REE  BASIN  LIKE  THE  &EF  OE  MEXICO. 

HUDSON  STRAIT  A   FUKI':  (iATK  UKK  TIIH 
ST U AIT  OF  1'1.0R11>A. 

MANITOBA  LlKi:  LOUISIANA  A  MAIUTIMK  STATE. 

NORTH  AMERICA  FOR  CITIZENS,  NOT  FOR  SUBJECTS. 

TIIK  WEST  AND  ITS  ^VAYS  OUT  TO  THH  COAST 
AND   IX   KllO.M  Till']  OCHAN. 

MISCELLANY. 


BV 

THOMAS    S.  FEEXOK 


!•  H  [  L  .\  B  r;  r,  P  H  T  .V  : 
P  R  E  8  S     or     H  i:  X  R  Y     IJ.     A  S  11  .M  K  A  D, 

NO.S.     1102    AM'     1101    .SAS.-iO.\l    .SrUKKT. 
1S7S. 


Kiiti.Tc'1  Mcciinliiij:  III  Art  III'  Ciiiil;!'.'".  in  thi>  vear  IS7S.  liy 

'iiio.MAs  s.  ri:i;N()N, 

111  tlie  (iI1'k-c  uf  111!'  I.iliiiui.iii  lit'  Ciiiii'rcss.  ill  \V:i-liiiii^tiiil. 


I 


NO  DYNASTY  IX  XdltTII  A.MIHilCA. 


I 


CHAPTER  I. 

TllK  iitlas  of  the  wovlil  coiitMiiis  no  iinlitical  outliiu'  so  ••  rajri^cil 
edced"  as  tlie  J)()iniiiioii  uf  Canada,  made  \i|)  of  iiii.-allird  proviiKH'S 
in  sincle  file  like  Indians  on  a  trail,  nowhere  two  ahreast ;  and  of  whifh 
it  may  he  said,  could  the  aulonoiiiic  wonder  he  dest.-ihed,  that  Mani- 
toha  is  its  chest,  with  one  hwiX  thaweil  in  the  grain-growing  smnnier 
solstice,  the  other  lung  hloekaded  with  iee  throughout  the  year;  its 
waist  the  wasp  girth  of  ground  l.etwecu  Lake  Superior  and  .lames 
J>av  ;  Nova  Sotia  its  heel;  and  Newfoundland  the  hig  toe  of  its 
"  hest  foot  put  foremost"  among  the  li>lies. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada   was  organized  contemporaneously   with 
the  military  adventure  of  Napoleon   the  Third  in  Mexico,  during  the 
rebellion  of  the  Potonuic  Piio-Graiide  States.  ]N()l-<i'),  in  expectation 
that  secession  Avould  .succeed  and   the  American    Uidon  he  dissolved. 
To  profit  from  this  disaster   Franci.'  and  (ireat   Jiritaiii   made  mutual 
preparations.     But  the  "'wayward  sisters"  that  loved  st'ces>ion  '-not 
Avisely  hut    too   well,"  when  they   went   out   at    the  side    doors   open 
south,  are  reinstalliMl  in  their  old  places  and  duties  uiuler   the  invin- 
cible Constitution,  which,  to  preserve  liberty  in  the  Kepublie  and  union 
among  the  States,  can  take  shape  to  meet  necessities,  can  carry  guns 
like  a  ship  and  be  reefed  and  unfurled  like  a  sail,  to  suit  the  weather 
of  the  times;   ami  the  prodigal  sons  of  secession,  willing  to  serve  the 
country,  break   bread   in   AVashington   and   divide   appropriations    in 
Congress  with  representatives  of  the  States  that  continued  steadfast; 
and  so  the  four  quarters  of  the   country,   named  after  the  cardinal 
points,  are  all  cemented  in  the  joints  dovetailed  in  the  LTnion  shield, 
and  every  State  is  a  staiulard  star  on  the  national  flag. 

The  American  citizen  is  always  and  everywhere  gladdened  by  the 
ensign  of  his  nationality;  and  the  sultject  in  political  fetters  is  cheered 
bv  the  stars  and  stripes,  radiant  in  the  ports  of  the  world  penetrated 
by  Americaii  shijis.  with  colors  ;it  the  mast-head,  free  in  the  wind  and 
bri<dit  against  the  heavens,  tin;  banner  an  inspiration,  tlu;  background 
the  resting  phice  for  hope.     What  a  contrast   between   IVeedom   atid 


4 


(l('>|(ntisiii  I  Willi!  M  iruii^ition  tVoiii  I)(Piiil!i,Ln' itt"  tlic  iiiiii'l  to  liberty 
oF  spcccli  aiiil  iictinii  !  'riiri)ii!j;li  its  {Ian;  the  Aiiici'ii';iii  I'liinii  is  visible, 
iis  tliroiii'li  tlir  rM'iiiiiiiiiMit  tlic  iiiiivcrsi'  is  ciiiiiiprclii'iisiblc  ;  ami  tlio 
lianiioiiv  aiiKiiii:  the  States  that  iiidvc  in  the  I'liidii  is  iileiifical  with 
tlu;  liaiiii'iny  anions'  the  (irlo  that  iiiove  in  space.  Jiift  u})  your 
tlioiiirhts,  oil  ye  politieiaiis  in  (Jongre.-s,  and  hjnk  ovei' Nurtli  Anieriea, 
ye  rulers  in  WashiiiL'ton  I 

I'evniel  the  Kio  (Jramle  neiirhbnv  Mexico  is  an  iii(le|ieiiilent  Repub- 
lic :  whereas  the  i'ouiiiiion  north  of  a  houmlary  line  et'  many  crooks 
ami  few  tan^ents^  though  cradled  in  "g>'eat  (>.\peetation>,"  an  empire 
in  emhrvo.  lor  a  I'riiiee  of  the  House  of  JIanover,  or  some  one  of  its 
ehoosiiii:.  is  iineiiltivahle  for  eoreal  and  fibrous  ei'o|is  in  two-thirds  or 
more  of  its  superficial  sipiare  miles. 

"Only  partially  thawed  in  summer."  says  the  geograiiliical  cliart, 
on  the  polar  side  of  a  climate  line  throuj^h  the  Uritisli  Possessions  ; 
and  white  bear,  reindeer,  and  walrus,  says  the  same  cliai't,  above  a 
climate  line  deseiibed  as  the  '•  northern  limit  of  barley  and  trees," 
■which  crosse-  Slave  liiike  and  intersects  Hudson  Wny  near  the  mouth 
of  Ni'lsou  Iviver. 

The  arctic  hiirldands  and  islands  and  the  icy  seas  and  sounds 
between  Alaska  and  Ijallin  Ibiy.  and  from  the  sixtieth  parallel  to  the 
,,(de.  mav  be  con>idered  British  teri'itnrv  to  expand  the  circumference 
of  empire,  and  perha})<  coinnu'iid  the  Duminion  to  adventurous  trap- 
j)ers.  sanguine  fur  traders,  and  rash  navigators  in  search  of  the 
iiiaLrnetic  iioint  and  the  northwest  itassagc:  but  for  jiovernmental 
jiurposes  these  considerations  are  of  minimum  account,  even  thoutTli 
the  Esquimaux  be  assessed  as  trilmters  for  mining  for  fishes  in  fissures 
in  the  ice. 

And  Europeans,  when  they  compare  localities  in  high  latitudes  in 
North  America  with  localities  on  corresponding  lines  in  their  own 
country,  ought  always  credit  their  niilder  home  climate  to  the  Gulf 
Stream  which  passes  a  tepid  river  between  banks  of  colder  Avater  from 
the  Florida  Strait  to  the  British  islands,  and  via  the  North  Sea  to 
Norway;  whilst  the  arctic  current,  with  Greenland's  icebergs  adrift 
in  its  waters,  cold  almost  to  the  freezing  imint.  prolongs  the  embar<'-o 
of  winter  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  defers  the  oiieiiini''  of  navi<'-ation 
to  Quebec  and  JNIontreal  till  more  than  half  the  season  of  sprin", 
always  a  busy  time,  is  pa.-t  and  gont'. 

^loreover,  it  is  wicked,  because  it  is  deception,  to  inscrilie  on  a  map 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  "latitude  of  London  aO'^  ;}0'"  alhwai't 
Lake  Winiiiiieij;,  where  in  midwinter  the  meicurv  sinks  to  fiftv  de"-rees 
below  zero,  and  has  been  cast  into  balls  in  bullet  moulds,  for  ocular 
di'inonstration. 


5 

True,  there  .'ii'e  prairie  Iiottoins.  ii|il;iriil  terraces,  anil  little  ami  Iai';:o 
nase<  ill  tlie  \\  iniii|iet:'  lia>iii.  lietwecn  the  iiiteriuiliniial  IimiiihI.ii'V  t'eiicu 
ami  ihe  JMiilicriiial  limi,  tn  ai;ri('iili  lire.  Anil  tlie  1  )niiiiiii()ii  j,-:iverii- 
iiieiit.  with  tlie  |iriM'ee(|>  n|'  |(iaii>  iieu''i'iateil  in  the  ••  nmiher  eminti'V," 
is  ti'aversini:  hninininn  terniory  wiih  the  Cana'la  raeilii;  IJaihsay 
tliroiiLch  tweiitv-seven  hiiinlreil  (:i7'"l)  mih's  nf  wihleriiess,  tVoin  Mont- 
real  via  Ottawa.  Serliek.  and  /ellow  lleail  Pass,  to  the  I'arilic  waters. 
I>iit  it  is.  neverthele.-s.  a  I'aei  'lisiiaratiiiii:  to  the  hmninioii  that,  of 
the  Kiiropeans  who  fir.>t  lanil  in  ('anada,  many  soon  jiiish  on  thrniiLrh 
it  into  the  States;  so  an  eniii_'rant  via  ihi'  huminion  is  an  inmiiLTiant 
in  the  I  nion.  and  hi'iiei'.  not  wit 'isiandinLT  thai  <^>iielpee  was  roiiinled 
ill  liii'S,  iinil  is  Older  than  X.  "■  ^'ol■l<  city,  and  Seili(d<  in  Manitoha 
was  settled  fii'ty  years  In  Inre  Minne-ola.  New  Ynvk  city  to-iiay  con- 
tains as  many  iiihaliitants  as  twenty  (Jiiebecs.  whei'cas  the  white 
])o])iilatioii  ill  .Miniiesot.v  is  more  than  tliiity-;i\  times  the  white  and 
half'-hrced  ])()|)iilatioii  of  Manitoha.  New  \'nik  State  contains  a  lai\t;er 
po]>ulation  than  the  whole  hoiiiinion  <d'  Canada,  altlm  in;h  .lacipies 
Cartier.  a  Fi'encdi  iia\  i^itatdr,  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence  in  l")-'!."),  and 
it  was  not  till  llitl'.i  that  Ileiidri(d<  llui!>oii,  in  the  l>utch  service, 
entered  the  waters  of  New  York  I>ay. 

In  Jji'itish  ('(diimhia  ;L'old  was  discovered  in  IS-'i!^.  twenty  yeai's 
a<:o  ;  but  Washiniiiton  Territory,  on  the  Union  side  ot'  the  temporary 
boundary  fence,  and  which  never  allured  ixidd-hiinters.  cniitains  more 
than  twice  the  population  (d'  its  J)riti>h  neii;h!)or.  Why?  Hecaiise 
one  is  part  of  the  American  Ikejjublie,  the  other  is  a  dei)ende;icy  of 
a  foreiixu  kingdom.  In  one  place  the  man  is  a  citiziii.  where  patent- 
rights  are  restricted  to  discoveries  and  inventions  in  the  sciences  und 
arrs  :  the  other  is  a  subject  who  owes  a]le:;ia.nce  to  a  far-away  dynasty, 
Avliere  titles  are  inheritable  and  >ociery  is  ))ortioned  into  ca.stes,  as 
railway  freight  is  portioned  into  (dasses.      Witness  : 

Si|il;iii-  .M  ilc.<.  Ccll-il^.  Wjiili'  l'u|Mllilli(ili. 

Wasliington  Territory,  I'.lt.lHU  ISTO  liii.l!*.") 

British  Columbia,  :il:!.OiMi  l.sTl  ]()..-.S(; 


The  Hudson  I>av  Comiianv's  charter,  dateil  Mav  -,  ItiT'l.  exiiired 
in  IH.V.b  Lord  Serliek  (ditained  a  grant  of  land  on  IJed  liiver  in 
1811,  and  in  iSld  he  arrived  at  his  colony  with  a  military  escort. 

In  ISIG  the  site  of  Chicago  was  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  and 
the  Missouri  Territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  Uiver  was  bounded  on 
the  south  by  the  State  of  Louisiana,  and  on  the  north  by  British 
America.  Indiana  Avas  the  frontier  State,  admitti'il  into  the  I'nioii 
December  11,  IM'l.  When,  thei'efore.  Lord  Serliid<  visited  his  set- 
tleuieut  on    Ued   Kiver,  in   ISlt!.  via    Hudson   Lay  ami  the   portages 


1 


Im'Iwc(mi  "'York  F:ictnn*'  ainl  Scrlidv,  I'Minii  doinfiin  wiis  wiMcniosx 
\\v-t  i>\'  I. like  Miclii-an  :  l^i  .Miiiii'>  an  \\;i-  iiut  urLiMiii/.cil  ii>  ;i  T.Tfi- 
tiivy  till  MiU'i'li  M,  ISI'.I.  iiiiil  WHS  not  iuliiiitti'd  as  a  .Slulc  nil 
Fcliruiiry  liii,  1(S.'>7. 

('.,iii|,Mii..'ii.  .S(|.iiiic  .Milc<.  I'm-il-.  l'H|.iil;iliMii. 

.Miiiii.sMt;!,  ^"..•■'•■;i  I  ^70  4:}S,"2:)7 

MaiiiiolKi.  •_'.Mil,7:;4  isTl  ll.'.tii;'. 

Tliu  i)ii|iuliitinii  ;it  ill!'  scitlciiiciits  (Ml  l{i;il  liivcr  ami  llic  As>iiii- 
boiii  ill  lS4;i  was  .')14-'>. 

Ill  .Miiiiicsdtii  tlic  wliiro.s  only  arc  (•iiiiiitcil  ;  in  M;iiiiinlia.  cciisiis  of 
l>iTl,  iIm'   liall'-livccils  arc  iiiclinlcil  witli  the  whites. 

At  the  time  of  Lord  Scrlirk's  visit  t(.  ]{eil  liivev  in  1 SKJ,  tlitM'e 
were  niilv  ei-ht.'cii  ,"<tales  in  tlic  I'liinn,  all  east  of  hake  .Miehi,L'aii 
ami  tin  main  .Mississi|)]ii  JJiver,  exce|it  Louisiana;  whereas  now 
ilcTc  are  in  the  Union  tliirty-ei,i:lit  Slates,  ami  eleven  Territories, 
fontainiii;:'  more  than  clevi'ii  einhrvo  States. 

'I'liere  will  he  sixty  millions  of  inhaiiiiaiits  in  the  I'liioii  heforc 
there  will  he  live  millions  of  inliahiiant<  in  the  hoiiiinioii  ;  for.  in  the 
ten  years  emliiiu'  1 ST  1 .  the  Provinces  of  ( )ntano,  (^Michee,  New  Uriiiis- 
wiek,  ami  Nova  Scotia  increased  only  -VJ'K-^'t'K  whereas,  in  the  ten 
years  eielini:  in  LSTU,  the  State  of  I'ennsylvania  increased  r)H."),!»41, 
ami  the  Union,  notwithstamlinir  four  years  of  saimniiiary  civil  war, 
increased  i',U7''j,>T7.  which  is  more  than  twice  the  total  of  L)oiiiinion 
]io|)iihilion.  ' 

Here  is  what  Minnesota.  Manitoba'^  nciirhhor.  has  done  in  the  way 
of  ifrowth  and  increa.-e  : 


l())iiihition, 
Minnesota, 


1S40. 
0 


<;.n77 


18G0. 
17:2.(»-:5 


1870. 
438,257 


Maiiitolia.  in  l-'^'U  contained  id'  whiles  and  half-hrceds  ll,0()o. 
This,  imleeil.  is  a  contrast  in  increase,  in  consi(lcrinL;  which  it  is 
M<'11  to  I'cincniher  that  the  Ui-cneh  fur  trmlers  had  |icnetrateil  into  the 
Jicd  River  region  iVoni  llinlsmi  P);iy.  and  al>o  from  Lake  Superior, 
more  than  a  hundred  years  anterior  to  L(n'd  Serlick's  visit  in  JSK't. 
l'"oit  Jwtiirhon.  now  York  Fort,  was  huilt  hv  the  Freiieh,  who  held  it 
from  l()It7  to  1714.  when  jiosses>ion  was  surrendered  to  the  English. 
Manitoba,  therefore,  cannot  urge  insulation  as  a  cause  of  its  small 
])o))ulalion,  he/ause  its  twn  routes  with  portages  gave  it  as  good 
conimiiiiicalions  to  the  seahoard  as  were  available  across  the  Allegheny 
Mountain  to  the  Ohio  liiver.  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  Ibiltiinore 
ami  Ohio  Kailroad  to  ^Vheeling.  llth  January,  iSTjo.  and  the  I'eiiu- 
svtvaiiia    Hailroad    to    I'ittsbiiriih.    Mill    Fibruarv.  ISod.      Ohio  con- 


tiiiiicil  over  two  tuillions  ot"  ]in,  .iljitidii  licrorc  ii  riiilwiiy  ti':icl\  crn^-^nl 
its  Idiiiinhirv  line.  ••  Till' star  of  ciiiiiii'o  \vrst\\;iiil  Innk  its  wiiv  "  at 
a  vcrv  early  dav  across  I'ciiii-vh  aula  ami  N'irLrinia.  aidl  lln'  iVniiiJcr 
Slate  was  oil  tlie  we^t  liaiik  of  the  .Mi-si>^i|i|ii  llivel'.  o|i|)osile  llie 
iiioiitli  ol'  the  (>hio  liiver.  heiure  the  railway  was  in  piihlic  ii>e  even 
ill  Kii<:laii(K  the  laiiil  of"  its  invcntiidi  and  lirst  foiistnictioii.  No.  no, 
it  is  lis  a  Slate  that  Maiiiloha  may  more  rcasonaldy  expect  to  aliiaet 
immigration,  t'oi-  the  slraiiL't'i'  tVoiii  afar  uoiiM  then  timl  williin  it  the 
'•  liliertv.    ('(iiialitv,   and    tralernilv'    which    lie   crossed    the  ocean    to 

•'It  • 

enjoy,  in  personal  expericiue-  and  domestic  comforts. 

'i'lierc  are  no  llanj.'<''l  family  shoes  worn  in  the  rnion  to  keep  the 
son  on  tlic  father's  tra(d\'.  like  a  car  with  ilaiiL^cd  wheels  coupled  to  a 
car  ahead,  for  here  man  is  free  to  make  a  >ell'-prope|liii;_f  motm'  (d"  liis 
l)raiii  power:  whereas  to  move  a  train,  or  even  a  car.  a  steam  eiiifiiie 
is  a  necessity.  Sclf-ndiance  in  mundane  matters  is  the  American 
mental  characteristic,  and  the  oh-ervanl  alien  plant>  his  hoy  in  Amer- 
ican irronnd  to  mow  an  American  citizen  and  enjoy  freedom  in  maii- 
liooil.  The  scion  is  not  e.\])ecteil  to  triidire  hehind  his  sire,  who 
succeeded  his  ;Lri'aiidsire,  hut,  oil  the  contrary.  t<>  strike  out  for  hinis(df, 
when  nioveil  liy  inwanl  capacity  for  advanceiiient. 

Where  there  are  privilcireil  orders  to  he  fed  and  kept  fat  for  society 
show-heef  and  hirds.  and  lioiioi's.  coninii-<ioiis,  and  olliccs  are  dis- 
pensed liy  royal  favor,  or  liy  royal  proxies,  the  wheel  <A'  lortiine  is 
turned  hy  hand,  (dean  or  dirty  as  the  ca>-e  may  he.  like  the  wheel  of 
a  lottery  eontainin^f  a  lew  iirize  immhers  and  manv  hlanks  :  liiit  where 
the  ijo(hless  Fortune  is  neither  fettered  nor  hlindtohled,  and  there  is 
free  admission  to  the  industi'ies  and  tin  professions,  and  all  the  human 
pursuits  wlii(di  employ  civilized  society  are  open  opportunities  to 
necessity  and  amlution.  fortune  has  noihiiiL:  to  do  with  the  choice  of 
service,  hut  oidv  with  the  delivery  of  the  compensations  and  prizes  in 
dollars  and  distinctions.  And  hence  we  see  in  the  hiLdi  jdaccs  in 
Washin<rton  and  in  the  States,  and  at  tjie  hi'ad  of  the  industries  and 
the  ))rofi'ssions,  uieii  moved  hy  mental  power  and  moral  worth  from  the 
ranks  of  the  honest  poor  to  the  foremost  and  uppermost  positions. 

All  men  work  u]»  or  down,  for  no  sain'  man  is  content  to  stand  still 
on  the  same  step  in  a  iijifht  of  stairs  hetwei'ii  two  floors  :  and  to  move 
forward  is  to  so  up  and  to  go  backward  is  to  go  down.  Fame  must  lie 
won  else  it  cannot  be  worn  ;  fame  must  he  built  of  deeds  substantial 
as  monumental  stones,  or  it  cannot  be  jjerpetuated,  for  fame  is  the 
evidence  of  things  seen  with  the  eye  (d"  the  understanding;  but 
wealth  amassed  by  a  hoarder  of  dollars,  like  a  hay-stack  after  a 
mower  has  pitclu'd  to  its  top  his  hist  forkl'nil  of  grass,  is  apt  to 
diminish,  for  iarni   stock   must  have  fodder,  and  heirs  have  voracitv 


till'  ^;mic  lis  r:ifs  :  cxiiMii-inii  niid  ninfractioii  nrf'  psirts  f»f  one  law,  ih 
the  ii|i  iiinl  i|n\Mi  cihI.-.  of  .'i  soc^aw  air  |iail»  n\'  ohc  l(M:ir<l. 

TInri'  io  a  staiidiinl  iiica-iiif  ami  iiili'  ami  a  tiiif  Imlaiirt';  aii<l 
|Mi-(ii;s  and  iliiiii.'<  iiicaMirrd  ami  wciltIiciI  arc  sDiiictiinrs  -liorf,  smiik'- 
tiiiir^  li'.'lil  :  lull  (lojiiir  llic  iiii|i('i 'fi'i-tiiiiis  aii'l  iiii'i|iialitic4  iti  liiiiiiiiii 
iiiiMirc.  llicic  lias  liccii  iin  I'tcciit  nacti.iii  iti  tin-  |»rn;;r(-'s  of  tli<'  worjil, 
lor  ( 'liri.-tiaii  [icoiilcs  now  i;irtli  tlic  l'IoIic.  and  ih-vv  idfti^  ^row  among 
tile  old  lradiiioii>.  I'nidic  o]iiiiioii  is  a  [icrvadiii;:  powt-r.  triidiiii; 
iiior<'  and  ninrc  lo  a  iircvailiii;.'  inlliii'iKM'  in  caliinct.  council,  and  i'ain|i. 

Tiii^t  in  (lod  and  Ilis  |iin'|M)S(.s,  and  nicaiitiiiif  rciv  on  yoiirx-lt", 
and  ill  lioiic^t  w.tyH  strive  for  lionoraMv  ends.  And  this  is  triii-  of 
naiiiiis  ,is  ol'  individuals:  for  a  nation  in  its  ;.rovt'rnin;;  force  is  one 
iiian  niiiltij/icd  li_v  iiiany.  as.  indeed.  i>  tlir  |iii|i(j!ation  oftlieeartli  tlie 
jio^teritv  <d"  one  iiiatid  pair — Adam  and  Mvi'.  For  rvidr-liee  of  the 
piist  look  to  the  liool<<.  uhii'h.  however  iiii|iirt'ei't.  are  the  only  wit- 
nesses that  smviM'  lor  hi>toi'y  exeeiit  ruins. 

Mrforc  attrni|piini:-  to  rore(rast  prohahilitics.  watch  ciirrtnf  events, 
and  wi'iij;h  the  nifn  in  liiL'h  jilaces,  as  wiather  d<»ctors  consult  the 
haromcIiT,  to  a^i-crlaiii  llif  pressure  of  the  atiiio-pheiv.  and  the  tlu'r- 
liioiiieler.  which  telU  the  de;^n'ee  of  tenipcratiire 

Thus  the  weather-vane  and  mei-eiiiy-tiihe  do  iiiiicli  for  man:  and 
the  e(|iiivalcnt  'd'  wha'soevi'i"  lias  hceii  ai conijilished  is  possible  of 
repetition:  ami  where  the  peopi"  are  intellit'ent.  and  incuinhents  of 
oHice  are  iiatrintic  to  cuiinti'v  and  true  to  duty,  the  ends  attained 
tend  to  the  eoimnon  unoil  orniankind:  for  developnieiits  due  to  men- 
tal and  moral  causes  ilispel  superstition  and  illuminate  ilarkncss. 

I''ranee  is  a  llame  in  a  liidiihou-e  lantern  on  a  coast  strewn  with 
wrecks,  and  l'iiri>  is  an  illuminated  e!oid<  to  the  capitals  of  Euro[)e, 
where  (dironidiieters  are  not  corrected  to  the  •«un  on  the  nieriiliaii.  hut 
are  regulated  to  the  phases  df  ailairs.  on  dilVereiit  faces  for  .separate<l 
places,  like  a  time-piece  with  dials  >howiiig  the  hour  aiid  minute  in  all 
till'  principal  cities  around  the  glohe. 

There  are  other  eruption^  he^-ides  vidcanoes  which  burv  cities,  and 
there  are  subterranean  fires  other  than  tho«e  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth,  which  make  its  siiiiiiei'  tretiihh-  and  its  cru>t  crack  :  for  public 
opinion  aroused  in  iinger  can  pour  out  a  wrath  as  sure  to  overwhelm 
as  lava  iiourcMl  from  a  crtiter  is  (;crtain  to  harden  in  a  winding-sheet. 

I'mler  the  KepuMic.  since  Fidiriiary,  ]>^n.  France  has  achieved 
more  than  apjie.ired  po<sihle  in  so  few  years.  Hence  France  is  an 
e.xemjilar  for  other  nations,  ainl  the  l'iiite(l  Slates  of  Europe  is  a  con- 
summation possible  to  the  masses,  in  whom  there  is  a  latent  fire 
like  electricity,  which,  tlnuiuh  invisible  in  the  atiuos]ihere.  is  irresist- 
ible ill  the  thunderbolt.     And,  as  a  storm  with   li;^htning  i)urifies  the 


! 


!» 


Hiiiiiiiiri-  air  \s]\\r\\  liiiitiiiii  lH'iii;;s  lircallic  intu  tlicir  Iiim;:>.  so  rcvolii- 
li"ii.  with  il-  I  li'iiK'iit»  ill  aiij:.T,  is  a  ^aiiitarv  a;:"iil  wlici'i'  ilyiia>tic 
aliii>i'>  nil  'ImI  llic  SCI  I  sf  nf  practical  ccinicdn  v  ami  ilctci'ior.ilc  I  he  piiMic 
imiiimI-  ami  [luliiii'Ml  liralili.  A  ilvii.i't,-  i-  a  |iici't'  n\'  lmmhikI  walcfcil 
liy  in'i,L.'Mtiiui  like  a  cranlicrry  patch  or  a  rice  plaiitatidH,  aid  prndiiccs 
rc>iilts  accorijii)!.'  as  it  i>  jV.]  with  the  rainfall  »['  other  lainl.  tliroii;j;li 
the  wiifks  (if  (itlier  liaiiiU.  A  rcpnhlic  of  tree  states  is  an  urcharij  of 
IViiit-tri  IS  ;   it  hhissoiiH  ami  hcar.«. 

A  pliiii'_r|i  turns  a  I'nir'tw  aid  hreaks  the  L'rnuiiij  lor  a  new  crop. 
Ami  revolution  inrns  the  «iili-oil  iippcrnio.»i  to  lnirv  ilie  <vcci|s  turneil 
"lowii,  ami  i^ivc  the  coi-n  planteil  room  to  l'I'ow  ami  ripen  into  ;:o|tk'n 
ears.  Without  revolution  the  ••  !)ark  Ai^res,"  which  cover  with  iiinht 
more  than  halt' the  Chri>tian  era,  would  have  hecii  prolon^reil  throiiirh 
more  centiirie<.  To  revolution  hmnanitv  i>  imlel'teil  t'or  the  Ainericaii 
I  nioii.  the  climax  ol' tree  ;;overniiienI.  at  the  dale  of  the  I  >cclaratioii 
of  Indi  peiideiice.  and  aUo  at  it-  centennial  celchraiioii.  Ilcvoliiiion 
is  piihlic  opinion  e\pre«>cd  ^iiece-isfully :  and  no  '^•overniiient  can  didy 
or  i;:iiore  puhlic  opinion  with  impimiry.  for  it  is  everywhere  the  supreme 
])ow('r.  when  it  approximates  iinaiiimiiv  in  JmlL'UK'nt  and  aciion.  llow 
careful  and  prompt  are  the  aiiihassaihu's  and  ministers  of  kinirs  and 
(pieeiis  oil  the  chessdpoard  id'  Kiirope,  to  make  a  case  or  an  excuse  for 
a  transaction  or  a  treaty  !  llow  anxi'iu<  they  are  to  make  sharp  prac- 
tice ]iass  for  fair  phiy  !  as.  for  instance,  w  hen  A  u>l  ria  w  a>  told  to  cai'vc 
two  holies  otV  Turkey.  thr<iUL,di  uiu-cies  and  sinews,  the  llerlin  ( 'on- 
jfress  jfave  the  appropriation  the  apprarance  of  an  European  inaiidati! 
roiii^ed  ill  the  interest  of  peace;  hut  15o>nia  and  ller/,ei.rovina  were  not 
to  he  as.»ii^ne<l  without  protest  with  weapotis.  and  the  Merlin  pretext 
deceived  iiohmly.  for  no\\aday>  important  facts  are  coinmunicate'l  siiiiul- 
taiieoii>ly  to  all  nun  who  read  iiew^papi'i's  and  draw  coiiclii^ioiis. 
The  telei:ram  travel*  fa-ter  in  wire  to  circulate  the  iiew>,  than  the 
earth  turns  on  its  axis  to  ;.'reet  the  >uii  :  sleamships  straight-line  the 
oceans,  and  locomotive  enL'ines  racc-oourse  the  continents. 

'J'he  Congress  of  lierliii.  called  to  consider  the  treaty  of  San  Ste- 
fano.  determined  i'ewir  issues  than  it  deferred:  and  hence  the  uncer- 
tainty which  prevailed  hefori'  it  met  has  not  heeii  diminished  since  it 
adjourneil.  Interiiational  ijuestions  ])ut  oil'  to  sleep  are  in  a  condition 
of  quiet  which  may  he  lirokcn  at  any  time,  and  the  recuperated  party 
roused  refresheil  for  another  strife.  What  ]{ussia  needs  to  satisfy  its 
necessities — national  and  internationa! — is  forecasted  and  understood; 
hut  hf)\v  many  months  or  how  many  years  Russia  may  have  to  wait, 
and  how  and  where  Russia  may  have  to  venture  and  strike,  to  reach 
its  u'oal  is.  (d' coiir-e.  prohh-matieal. 

The  cause  ol'  Russia  can   have  hut   one   linalitv;   its  course  is  to  a 


10 


Si- 


destination  not  in  (Iniilit,  tor  it  is  tlio  most  oonspiciious  olijeotive  pnint 
in  tlio  Kiistoni  llcmi-iilicrc.  bv  i'i;i-nii  of  its  jun-iciil  titiir  iind  niiMlcvn 
fliito  iintcccMlents  Jind  tlic  jtnlnnsics  mid  cross  ])uritoscs  wliicli  pcrjilox 
tlio  Kurnpoan  sitnation. 

Un(jiicstional>ly  tlio  war  indcinnitv  inontiDiiod  in  the  San  Stofaiio 
treaty,  in  a  clause  wliicli  the  Berlin  Congress  did  not  supplement,  is 
an  einher  in  hot  ashes,  uherc  a  litlle  stirring  will  mako  a  sinoke  and 
start  a  fire.  And  hcforc  the  Russians  re('ros>  the  IJalkans.  lionu'\var<l 
liound,  an<l  evaeiiate  Yartia.  and  leave  Uulgaria  among  the  liir/zards, 
there  are  sundry  settlenunt.;  f;  he  made,  in  wliieh  the  army  of  occu- 
pation can  cooperate  with  St.  retersi)urg  like  a  lleet  with  London. 

xVnti-Kussiaii  di|)lomacy  exceeds  equivocation  ■when  it  professes  to 
hclieve  that  the  liiissian  ])eople  will  rest  on  any  treaty  as  final  and 
conclusive  which  does  not  assure  to  llussia  military  and  naval  facili- 
ties to  kee))  the  straits  open  to  Russian  >hi[)s.  Nothing  short  of  such 
security  will  satisfy  J^ussia  or  makt  peace  permanent. 

And  as  the  map  of  the  American  rnion  will  not  be  finished  till  its 
northern  boundary,  wlieic  it  is  a  tangent  fence  be  taken  ilown.  and 
sunk  out  of  si^hi  where  it  is  a  water-course,  neither  will  the  map  of 
Ikussia  he  fini-lied  till  more  acijuisitioiis  in  .Kuid|)e  ami  in  Tartary  are 
included   in   its  consolidated  emiiire;   for  the  Black  Sea  is  in  verity  a 

1  c 

bottle,  of  which  Coiistantinojile  is  the  cork  :  the  cities  in  th(>  basin  of 
the  Oxu,>- — the  theatre  of  momentous  events  in  pa>t  times — are.  in 
these  latter  days,  only  way  stations.  The  mountain  water-shed  be- 
tween the  Oxus.  which  flows  north,  and  the  Indus,  which  flows  south, 
is  the  main  divide  between  India,  under  the  rule  of  a  foreign  country 
on  an  ocean  i.-land  far  away,  aim  Khanates  which  are  dovetailed 
parts  of  the  Russian  Empire,  with  coinmereial  interests  in  e(unmon 
wiih  Orenburg  and  Astrakhan  ;  because  it  is  the  iiolicy  of  Russia  to 
seek  and  strive  to  Russianize  wheresoever  it  reaches  and  holds  fast  ; 
whereas,  Great  liritain  has,  in  no  sense.  Anglicized  India,  which  it 
manipulates  as  if  l,r).')S,2o-lr  square  miles  of  territory  were  a  plan- 
tation, and  1240,000.000  inhabitants  were  so  many  chattels,  utilized 
for  the  profit  of  absentees,  less  the  co,-t  of  administration. 


CTI  A  l'TK]{   H. 


luK  1S14-15  Congress  of  A'ienna  could  not  be  repeated;  mjr  can 
any  one  read  the  proceedings  of  that  body  in  Thiers'  "  Napoleon" 
witliout  indignation  that  Au>lria.  which  merited  so  little  from  Napo- 
leon's  ovorthi-nw.  was  allotted   so  many  spoils,  largely  at  the  expense 


11 


,    I 


of  Franro.  15ut,  sino(>  Is!;".  fH^nTianv  lias  hcoii  ori^'aiiizi'il  aiiil  Tttily 
niiitcd;  IJoinc  i<  I'c-tDrcil  ti>  lli(>  ruler  of  Tialv.  aii'l  15  rliii  i<  tlu'  court 
of  u  irrcat  ]io\vri\  l»us>.ia,  like  tlif  I'liitcil  States,  lias  a  inis^inii  to 
prosoeiite  aiiiMVoiitiers  to  reetily;  iicitliev  of  the  two,  lio\vever,  lias 
(Iroajiis  for  traiis-oeeaii  empire.  i'liiLrlaiiirs  |W)licv  has  made  "tlK'  rich 
richer  and  the  ])oor  poorer,"  till  itoAv  the  pooi-  of  the  Uritisli  Isles  are 
the  |i(iorest  atnoiijf  the  peoples  of  Ihirope  :  and  that  liritish  exiietion 
in  India  makes  jiiiman  food  i'or  fniiine  in  that  naturally  lioiiiitiful 
land,  oflicial  records  aluindaiitly  ]irovc  mid  doiiioiistrate.  In"  The 
Nineteenth  Ceiitiirv,""  a  liondon  monthly  r«'view,  dated  Aiiti'iist.  Is^Ts, 
Miss  Florence  XiirhtiiiLrah'.  in  an  article  which  is  an  indictment  of 
(Jreat  Uritain  for  wholesale  murder,  says:  ••  In  Soiulieni  India,  that 
is,  in  Mysore.  Jjomliay  and  Madra^-,  our  loss  in  one  year's  famine  has 
not  heen  far  short  i<\'  si.r  niillinii  Hi'ith!"  Austria-  is  held  ton;cther.  not 
by  a  fusion  id' particles,  like  a  cai' wheel  ca>t  in  a  mould  (jn  a  f  miidry 
floor,  hut  like  a  wheel  eonsi<tinii'  of  a  liul).  spokes  and  fellies,  made  hy 
a  worker  in  wood,  ami  held  loHcther  hy  an  iron  tire,  put  on  hv  a 
hiaeksmith.  Turkey  made  con(|iie<t  in  Kiirope  with  tlie  sword,  and 
threareiie<|  to  extirpate  ('!iri<tiaii  civilization.  Ami  when,  linally,  its 
reverses  (dieid<eil  its  proixress,  its  comiue.-ts  were  still  larirc.  fn-  the 
I>la(d<  Sea  was  a  Turkish  lake,  entirely  surroiinde<l  with  Turkish  terri- 
tory, till  1774,  when  Kiissia  made  its  frontier  on  the  IMack  Sea.  wot 
of  the  Crimea,  and.  in   17S-i.  added  the  ('riiiiea  to  its  ac(|uisilions. 

I'liroMirh  siilise(|iieiit  wars  hetweeii  llii^^ia  and  Turkey.  Russia 
acquired  more  and  more  IMack  Sea  h^rdei'  from  Turkey  :  ;iiid  so 
]{ussia  ohtained  teri'ilory  iiii  its  south  side  in  the  ]>la(d<  Sea  ha-in  hy 
coiKjiiesr.  as  the  American  I'liion  ohtained  territory  on  its  south  ^ide 
in  the  Mississippi  hasin,  by  purchase.  And  Europe  and  America  are 
both  bettered  tlieridiy. 

AVhat  Louisiana  was  that  Maidtoba  is,  and  what  Louisiana  is — a 
State  in  the  I'nion,  ahuttiiiL;'  on  the  (JiiU'of  Mexico — .Manitoh;i  will 
be — a  Stateof  tlu'  I'liioii  ahiittiuL:-  on  lliid<oii  I'ay.  'I'lieti  the  rnion 
will  liavi'  the  sea  on  all  sides,  ea-t.  wist,  iiortli  ami  south;  I'or  its 
shores  will  he  washed  by  the  Atlantic  <)cean,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the 
liulf  of  Mexico  and  llmNon  L.ay;  and  its  -tiiiclural  anatomy  will  lu' 
coiiijilete  with  the  body  of  the  continent  divideil  into  free  >tates.  uniteil 
for  national  objeei-.  into  a  I'nion  \\hi(di  has  with.-ioiid  liie  trial  (d' 
l'orei<'-n  wars  and  the  severer  test  o\'  civil  strife.  'J'hcre  i,-  no  line  I'or 
the  jiartition  (d'  the  North  American  I'nion.  nor  for  tiie  periiiaiient 
partition  id"  the  North  American  Continent.  T'lie  West,  the  core  of 
the  country,  will  have  at  cuinniand  ami  in  use  ficilities  for  communi- 
cation with  Lake  ^Vinllipe_f  via  reniidna.  as  it  icw  ha<  with  l^ake 
Michi'MU,  via  I'euna,  by  river  and  canal;   and  with    Ilud>un    Lay.  by 


12 


To    lie   sure,  tlicre  will    he   (Ictincturs  wlio  will    disparnge   IIii<lson 


rail,  iis  it  now  lias  with  tlie  (iiilf  coast  ami  the  Atlantic  coast,  hy  rail 
to  all  the  seaports  fVoni  Texas  to  .Maine. 

he 

Bay.  (lejircciatc  its  navigation  iacilitii's  and  exaggerate  its  ohstructions 
from  ice :  hut  it  cannot  he  gainsaid  that  it  has  a  siunmer  season  of 
ep<'ii  and  safe  navigation,  and  that  the  Hudson  iJay  Company  did 
utilize  it  throughout  its  long  and  eventful  history. 

In  sooth,  in  Smollett's  "  Ili>tory  of  England,"  on  tlio  reign  of 
George  the  Second  (time  174s),  a  hundred  and  thirty  years  ago,  it  is 
mentioned  that  Parliament  Avas  ]ietitiotied  "that  tlie  trade  of  llinlson 
15ay  might  lie  laid  open:"'  hut  the  Company,  having  tin  exclusive 
patent,  nsisted  the  proposition,  Avhieh  Avas  given  the  go-hy,  on  the 
ground  that  it  would  entail  "pid)lic  expense."  the  aim  being  then,  as 
since,  to  make  the  St.  Lawrence  the  commercial  base  of  operations 
across  tlie  continent,  on  British  territory.  IJut  tlie  St  Lawrence 
route  is  an  oinii  navi'fation  for  oidv  half  of  the  vear,  and  its  outlet 
is  high  up  in  the  north,  compared  with  the  Krie-Canal-lIudson-Hiver 
route.  Hence,  for  ])ominion  interests  to  demur  to  the  use  of  Hudson 
Bay  for  a  tide-water  teiininus  for  overland  rail  and  iidand  water-line 
tratfic.  will  he  regarded  hy  the  West,  when  the  suhjeet  attracts  its 
serious  itttcntion,  iihout  as  if  Biutfalo  weie  to  protest  that  western 
traflic  ought  not  he  forwarded  east  from  the  Mississippi  Biver,  via 
Floridii  Strait. 

Precisely  as  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania — an  eastern  State — 
is  in  the  Mississippi  hasin,  and  Pittsburgh  has  its  main  nmrket  in  the 
West,  so  the  northern  parts  of  Minnesota  and  Dakota — a.  western 
State  and  a  wester"  Territory — arc  in  the  Winnipeg  basin  ;  and  Lake 
W  innipeg  will  be  put  in  artilieial  water-line  comuiunication  with  the 
Mississippi  Biver  system  of  boat  navigation,  via  the  Ked  Biver  of  the 
A'orlli.  to  the  Upjier  Missouri  and  the  Upper  Mississippi,  exactly  as 
Lake  Michigan  is  connected  with  the  Mississippi  Bivi-r  system  by  canal 
from  (.'hicago  to  the  Illinois  Iviver. 

There  is  no  international  liiu'  between  New  Vork  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  the  interiiatioiial  line  between  New  Orleans  and  Winnipeg 
will  be  obliterated:  fir  the  wator-slied  between  ILidscm  Ibiy  and  the 
(nilfof  Mexico  is  a  roof  with  little  iiicliiiiition  and  a  low  apex,  and 
whicli  sends  the  (Iraiiiage  oi'  its  north  side  down  the  Nelson  Biver 
spout,  and  from  its  south  siile  down  the  Mississipjii  Biver  channel  to  a 
common  levtd  in  seas  which  commingle  their  waters  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  via  Iludxm  Strait  ami  the  Strait  of  Florida. 

The  French  Jiepulilic,  first  established  in  ITi'l',  was  usurped  by 
Na|i(ileon.  who  was  declared  j-'irst  Consul  in  IT'Ji*.  and  was  pinclaimed 
Fnipernr  and  crowneil  by  ih,    I'ope  in   ImH.      The  sec I  Bepultlic 


1.-; 


was  ()ii;;iiii/,c(l  ill  1S4S.  ;iii(l  Louis  X.'Hiolc'Oii  w;is  cloctcil  l^'c-idriil ; 
lie  dostrovcil  it  l)_v  tlir  rtniji  ,l'if,it  I  )('c(iiil)t.'r  '1.  l^-M  :  was  (IccIiii'imI 
Emperor  l)oc('nilior  2,  l^Ai^.  Covetini;  the  llliiiie  Provinces,  war  on 
Oeniiaiiy  wn^  doclared  -Inly  1-n  1>^T<);  on  the  '2(1  August  lie  teh-- 
<rra|»he(l  to  the  iMiipross  that  at  tlio  stoi-iiiiii_i^  of  tlie  lieiirhts  of  Saar- 
liruck  tlie  I'rince  Imperial  "Louis  has  received  his  liaptism  of  tire." 
Thirty  days  thereafter,  September  1,  he  surrendered  with  MacMahoiTri 
army  at  Sedan,  and  on  the  4tli  September  tlio  Empire  succumbtnl  to 
tlie  popular  indignation,  and  the  Republic  was  ])roclai!iied,  in  the  Hotel 
de  Ville.  And  the  third  ISepublic  is  a  Held  oak  with  roots  and 
lu'anehes,  bearing  seetl  acorns  for  other  snils  and  leaves  tor  wreaths 
on  decoration  days. 

l>y  peace,  patience  and  perse\erance  the  third  lie[»iiblic  in  seven 
years  made  France  prosperous  and  poieiitial  :  and  the  tliird  Kepublic 
is  built  to  stay  and  stand,  for  it  is  the  choice  (ff  France,  over  and  over 
again  contirnied,  as  a  necessity  to  its  harmony  and  happiness,  against 
the  remnants  and  >lire(ls  of  dynastic  fa(;tioiis  made  u])  of  Uoiirbons, 
Orleanists  and  IJuoi'apartists,  some  of  whom  would  exienninate  where 
not  permitted  to  recoiistriict,  with  old  material  found  in  ruins  :  the 
third  Republic,  however,  is  aiipruve<l.  vindicated  and  justified,  as  the 
elections  continuously  attest;  and  thus  the  third  Hepiiblic,  as  devel- 
oped under  tliC  ((iiickening  power  of  Thiers  and  (iainbetta.  and  a  host 
of  steadfast  men  wise  in  experience  and  keen  in  forecast,  is  a  cov- 
enant of  promise  against  a  background  of  despoti>ni.  conspicuous  in 
its  colors  as  a  rainbow  against  a  cloud  after  a  storm. 

The  eight  provinces  which  (including  Xewl'oundland)  make  up  the 
Dominion  of  Canada  are  hitched  together  behind  a  pilot  motor  called 
a  Cjiovernor-General,  appointed  by  the  occupant  of  the  i>rilisli  throne. 
as  cars  are  coupled  in  a  train  behiuil  a  steam  engine  called  a  loco- 
motive, and  do  not  constitute  a  congruous  governmental  machine, 
symmetrical  and  homogeneous  in  its  p(ditical  jiarts ;  whereas  the 
Union  may  be  likened  to  a  political  planetarium,  in  which  the  States 
move  in  orbits  with  the  harmonv  of  the  heavenlv  boilies.  and  where 
the  Constitution,  ell'ulgcnt  as  the  sun.  is  a  source  of  light  to  the  nation 
and  a  beacon  of  hope  to  man.  under  cloudc(l  skies,  in  other  lamls. 

Nor  can  the  J)ominion  machine  move  wiihout  friction,  because  it  is 
engineered  in  London,  through  submarine  wire-shafting,  (ttheiwise 
known  as  the  Atlantic  e;Jde,  lialile  to  ahrasion  on  the  ridges  in  the 
ocean's  iloor  and  accident  from  other  causes. 

The  States  of  the  I  nion,  moreover,  arc  the  oll-pring  of  a  in-opera- 
tive eoiniiaet  which  lias  a  seat  of  rea>on.  inductive  aiid  deductive,  in 
universal  education  in  public  schools  of  grades  that  rise  liki'  pyramidal 
stejis   from  a  hase   in    the  alphahet   to  a  summit   in    the   sciences,  and 


14 


iiiiily  |ii('scrv(( 


II  iici'vniis  svstMii  sriisiiivc  to  ri,L'lit  ainl  wrong,  ninl  ([uiek  to  respond 
to  wliiitcvcr  coiiccrii^  tin'  (•(inniioii  coiiiitrv  ;  for  no  matter  ■\vlioro  mon- 
or  li^'  wlidiii  iissaileil,  oiilcr  iiiii>t  lie  iiiaintiiincil  in  society  and 
in  llic  ;;(iv('rnnient  ;  Iiccause  tlie  I'liion  is  a  political 
lindy  |i(iiiieati  il  jiihI  pervaded  with  tlie  inlliienees  and  laws  of  attrac- 
tion. e(!liesi(in  and  gravitation,  wliicli  jnintly  fit  it  for  its  mission  among 
the  nations,  as  the  earth  is  adjusted  and  charged  for  peri»ctual  motion 
in  the  universe. 

The  Dominion,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Union,  is  a  new  evolu- 
tion fr(.ni  an  nid  idea  conceived  in  Europe,  and,  though  sent  hither  to 
hatch  niisciiief.  is  im])otent  to  I'ealize  expectations  cither  in  jiractico 
or  ]irospect,  as  where  a  reptile  hatched  out  of  a  snake's  egg,  put  into 
a  hen's  nest  to  scatter  a  brood  of  chickens,  was  scotched  hefore  it  liad 
fangs  to  liite. 

True,  the  I>(^niinion  is  snsceptihle  id"  congelation  into  a  solid  mass 
Iiy  the  agency  of  cnld  in  winter,  when  it  is  cemented  with  ice  and 
asleep  under  the  >\\()W.  In  niiil>i!niiner,  h  wever, -when  the  Winnipeg 
hasin  is  in  its  heauty,  there  i-  a  ])arti,il  thaw  in  the  walrus  region,  and 
ice-cakes,  fro/en  in  tlie  wind  from  the  north  pule,  drift  out  through  the 
sounds  and  channel-  into  Uallin  r>ay  and  Davis  Strait,  and  float  down 
the  coa>t  in  the  arctic  current,  nnd<ing  tlu'  air  thi(d\  with  fog  and  the 
)iro\incial  nose  "hlue"  a-  the  sky  overheail,  when  the  weather  is 
exceptioiially  clear. 

-Vnd  if  the  I>(imini(iii.  in  a  political  thaw,  were  to  break  into  pieces 
like  the  principal  sta|  'e  of  its  walrus  reginii.  l)riti>h  (Joliuubia  would 
drift  into  the  f'nion  via  I'uget  Snund,  Manitoba  would  tic  fast  to 
^linnesota.  and  NDva  Scntia  and  New  Urunswick  would  enter  through 
open  doors  inio  the  >isterliood  of  New  England  States,  for  political 
worship  at  a  common  national  shrine. 

Halifax  woidd  then  in  verity  Ik?  tlu'  east  portal  open  to  Europe,  as 
San  Francisco  is  the  west  portal  of  Amei'ica  open  to  Asia.  And  as 
Halifax  is  on  and  of  the  seaboard,  mit  in  nor  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  it 
ought  to  aspire  to  be  the  front  door  of  the  Union  rather  than  the  side 
door  of  the  Dominion,  for  alternative  use  in  winter  time,  when  the 
St.  Lawrence,  its  main  artery,  is  closed  with  ice  against  Quebec  and 
Montreal. 

Halifax,  notwithstanding  thai  it  was  fouiideil  in  174'J.  a  hundred 
and  twenty-nine  yeai's  ago,  is  to-day  surjiassed  in  population  by  more 
than  thirty  cities  in  tin  Unite<l  States,  and  by  three  cities  in  the 
Dominion  ((^)nebec.  Montrt'al  and  Toroiitn).  one  on  Lake  Ontai'io,  two 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  all  I'lval  and  antagoiu.-lie  to  Halifax,  when  not 
niider  endiargo  IVom  ice.  Contrail  Halil'ax.  as  the  Atlantic  end  of  an 
overland  rtiilway  route  through  the  Union  to  the  Lacdie  in  California, 


II- 

ll 


with  tlio  iH'oioctL'il  ovci'hiiiil  riiilwMv  iiiiitc  tlir(iiiif|i  the  I  )oiiiiiiion  to 
the  Pacific  ill  Ijfiti^h  C(iluiiibi;i.  ('i)nsi(I<.'i'  Halifax  as  a  wiiilcr  iiarhor 
for  its  tliroo  Doiiiiiiioii  rivals,  iliut  evade  it  when  iiaviLratioii  is  dpeii, 
witli  Halifax  in  the  "iiiiiid's  eye"  as  a  naval  station,  coimiiereial 
dock  and  warohoiiso  in  the  Union,  at  the  shortest  ferrv  across  the 
ocean  that  divides  the  new  world  from  the  ohl.  Halifax  in  the  Do- 
minion is  out  of  its  le,i^itiniate  s])lier(!,  like  a  sliip  cauirht  in  ic(!  and 
l)ornc  awav  from  its  true  destination. 

But  reaction  is  not  uncommon  in  suhject  populations,  where  the 
yoke  galls  man.  wisely  made  less  pjitient  than  the  o.x,  .so  that  lie  may 
emancii)ate  himself  out  of  servitude  to  mortals  of  kindred  clay,  mould 
and  manufacture,  for  sometiuK's  the  loftiest  in  the  sii^Iit  of  the  world 
are  the  lowliest  seen  from  lu'aven.  The  woinJs  devil  and  tyrant  are 
synonymous,  heoause  both  typify  the  spirit  of  e\il  :  and  as  it  is  mer- 
itorious to  cast  out  a  devil,  so  is  it  meritorious  to  overthrow  a  tyrant 
or  a  despotism.  Therefore,  where  there  is  op|)ressioii,  revolution  is  a 
righteous  remedy;  and  forced  ))rovincial  allegiance  is  op))rcssion, 
because  the  provincial  condition  ditl'ers  from  the  national  condition  as 
apprenticeship  diifers  IVoin  journeyiiian>hip.  with  the  option  of  mas- 
tership open  with  conditions  coii.nion  to  all.  In  tlie  Inion  a  cili/.eii 
may  be  content  to  vote,  or  he  may  aspire  to  caiididateship,  as  an 
apprentice,  after  having  served  out  his  time,  may  be  content  to  work 
for  an  employer  or  aspire  lo  mastership  in  his  calling  or  art;  and 
Nova  Scotia,  having  lirst  refused  to  enter  the  Dominion,  siibseipieiitly 
consented  to  be  counted  in  with  t^Uiebec  and  Ontario,  witli  wliii-h 
provinces  it  has  little  aililiation  and  no!  miicli  intertrade.  Indeed, 
in  the  company  of  the  cities  of  (^luebee  and  Montreal  at  Ottawa,  Hal- 
ifax is  not  unlike  a  third  pi'rson  present  where  there  are  two  friends 
mutually  anxious  for  a  private  conversation. 

New  Brunswick  and  Maine  abut  against  each  otlier,  divided  by  a 
treaty  fence,  the  first  a  jn'ovince  with  a  population  of  28'),;V.I4  in 
1871,  the  latter  a  State  with  a  population  of  (J:i<!.in.">  in  isTil.  Now 
Brunswick  was  settled  t)y  the  French  in  Itl:')!!.  Maiiu;  was  admitted 
into  the  L'nion  in  l<'^:iO. 

Nova  Scotia  was  visited  by  Europeans  in  14UT  and  coloni/eil  in 
1(J04,  sixteen  years  before  the  first  settlement  in  >rassacliiisetts  was 
made  by  the  I'uritans  at  Plymouth  Bock.  Nova  Scotia,  too,  has 
developed  coal  deposits,  Massachusetts  has  none;  and  yet  in  ISTO 
iSIassachusctts  contained  1.4.">7,;)")1  of  po])ulatioii  on  T'^*''*  sipiare 
miles  ol'  territory,  against  ;)iS7,N0n  of  j)opulatioii  in  Nova  Scotia  on 
18,000  S(|uare  miles  of  territory,  rmston.  the  principal  city  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, has  New  York  and  the  lludsun  Jiiver  between  it  and  the 
"West,  its  main  market,  and  back  of  Boston  is  Montreal,  with  commu- 


10 


iiiciitidiis  west  iiiti'  the  iiitci-inr  jiiid  cast  to  tlio  soacoiist.  Contrast 
MMssacliiisclts  wiih  N  )\ii  Scotiii.  Hostoii  with  lljilifax,  nnd  ciXMlit  the 
(lilVcrciicc  ill  ravor  lA'  the  AiiU'i'icaii  citizen  over  llic  Uritish  snhjoot, 
to  till'  iinUtical  circinnstanco  tliat  Massachusetts  is  a  sovereign  State 
hiyal  to  free  institutions,  Nova  Scotia,  a  siihject  colony  alle;^iiint  to  a 
foici'Mi  kinuiloiii  tweiilv-iive  hundred  mihs  away. 

The  '■  I'liited  Kingdom  of  (ireat  IJritain  and  Jrehuid"  contains 
Britons  in  England.  Scothind  and  Wales,  and  Irishmen  in  Ireland. 
P.iit  a  Nova  Scdtian  in  the  l)ominion  of  Canada  is  a  |)rovinciali.st,  and 
the  l)niiiiiiiiin  is  a  colonial  dependence,  not  an  independent  nation. 

In  I'lM  ^Vales  was  liiially  subdued  hy  England  and  annexed  by 
con(jiiest ;  and  yi.'t  there  a''"  at  this  day  thousands  in  Wales  wlio  use 
the  ance.xtral  tongue  and  do  not  understand  tlie  English  language. 
The  Scotchman  is  never  an  Englishman,  though  he  may  be  more  pro- 
nouncedly r>riti>li  than  English  or  Welsh  I>ritons. 

In  the  I'liioii  the  native-born  and  tlie  adopted  from  abr<iad  bear 
one  coiiiiiion  name — American  citi/eii.  The  American  race,  made  up 
of  maiiv  bi(  ed>  and  crosses  by  immigration  and  intermarriaiie  (but 
not  by  invasion  like  that  of  William  the  Norman,  who  stiiyed  where 
he  con(|Uered).  dominates  North  America  with  free  institutions,  along- 
side of  which  the  European  transplant  will  fail  of  propagation  and  die 
of  frost  in.  the  bud. 

Hudson  Day  is  to  the  hydrogr.iphic  ba>in  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  Avhich 
di.-chargcs  its  waters  down  tlu'  Nelson  ]{iver,  precisely  what  the  (nilf 
of  Mexico  is  to  the  basin  bounded  on  the  east  and  west  by  the  Ilocky 
and  Allegheny  Mountains,  Avhicli  sends  its  waters  down  the  Missis- 
sippi Kivcr. 

And  Hudson  Strait  is  the  Seagate  of  the  Saskatchewan  Valley  via 
Lake  Winnipeg,  as  Florida  Strait  is  the  Seagate  of  the  Mississippi 
A'alley  via  the  (iulf  of  Mexico. 

The  St.  Lawrence  is  a  nairow  basiti,  and  the  group  of  connected 
lakes  which  empty  into  it,  albeit  they  are  inland  seas  in  a  fresh-water 
navigation  sense,  drains  but  an  inconsiderable  area  of  Dominion  ter- 
ritory, comitarcd  with  the  area  of  Manitoba  territc.'v  in  the  basin  of 
Lake  Winnipeg. 

Moreover,  Lake  Erie,  which  is  the  distributing  pool  of  the  three 
lakes  west  and  northwest  of  it,  is  connected  with  the  Hudson  River 
by  the  famous  Erie  Canal — an  ariilicial  work  equivalent  to  a  river  in 
capacity  and  importance;  and  exactly  as  Lake  Erie  is  connected  with 
the  llud.-on  ]!iver  by  a  water-line  of  idieai)  and  easy  navi'Mtion,  so 
may  Lake  )Viiini])eg  be  connected  wiih  the  Missis.-ippi  Kiver  system 
of  boat  navigation  via  the  iled  liiver  of  the  North,  and,  it  may  be, 
Lake  Traverse  and  the  Minnesota  liiver  Valley.     From  Lake  Tru- 


I! 


•y 


vorso,  t'(Pii>i(](«rc(l  as  ii  summit  rosorvoir,  the  dospciit  north  to  Luke 
\Viiiiii])C'<f  is  only  -UUt  feet,  iind  the  (Ifsri'iit  soiilli  to  tlu'  Mississippi 
Itivor  iit  tlio  mouth  of  Miimcsota,  River  is  only  -'J!»  foot.  Tlio  mode- 
rate altitiuh'  of  tli;'  Lake  Traverse  siiiinnit-lcvel  o^tahlishos  the  prac- 
ticality of  aiiificial  navJLratioii  hctwceii  ihc  Minnesota  lliver  and  the 
lied  lliver  of  the  Nui'tli;  Imt  as  the  paramount  coiisideriition  is  a 
boat  coimmiiiicatioii  between  the  Mississi[)pi  lliver  and  Lak(!  Winni- 
peg, the  best  route  is  a  question  which  only  iiitellii^ent  engineering 
and  sunnnit-lovcl  water  supply  can  decide. 
Here  are  the  elevations  above  sea-level : — 

]jake  Traverse,  at  head-waters  of  Minnesota  IJiver  and  the  lied 

River  of  the  North, ltll-4 

Lake  Winnipeg,  into  wliicli  Red  River  emjities,  .  .  .  i'dH 


Difference  of  elevation  in  about  •).")<)  miles  distance, 

Lake  Traverse,  as  before,  .... 

Mississippi  River,  at  niouth  of  Minnesota  River, 

Difference  (jf  elevation  in  '2'>>j  miles. 


.    oliti 
.    !t!l4 


Red  River,  low-water  mark,  at  Moorhead,  where  Northern  Pacific 

Raih'oad  crosses  it,  .  .  ,         .  .  .  .  .   ST.") 

Lake  Winnipeg,  as  before,        =  ......  'llis 


Red  River,  at  Moorhead,  above  Lake  Winnipeg, 

Lake  Traverse,  as  before,  .... 

Red  River,  at  Moorhead,  as  before. 


■241 

!l!»4 

S7.J 


Elevation  of  Lake  Traverse  above  Red  liiver,  at  Moorhead,        .    11'.' 

Moorhead  is  tlie  lu'ad  of  steamboat  navigation  and  ]jreckenridgc 
the  head  of  boat  navigation  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

Canal  excavation  in  the  prairie  liottom  into  which  the  Red  River 
id'  the  Nortli  cut  its  channel  would  lie  easy  work,  and  wouhl  shorten 
distance  smith  of  Moorhead. 

Lideed,  by  a  b(jld  cut,  like  the  one  through  tho  peninsula  summit 
on  the  Chesapeake  ami  Delaware  Canal,  a  great  saving  of  distance 
may  lie  accoini)lished  l)etween  the  lu'd  Kiver  of  the  North  and  tiie 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  liivcrs.  or  either  of  theni.  <.'aiials  that  con- 
nect navigable  waters  have  lo-t  none  of  their  conse  pience,  but,  on  tho 
contrary,  annnallv  acipiire  additional  importance,  a>  witness  the  Dela- 
ware and  Raritaii  Canal  between  Piiiiadelphia  and  New  York,  the 
Choapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  the  Erie  Canal,  the  Welland  Canal, 
and  the  Illinois  and  Lake  Michiiran  Canal. 


\H 


TIk!  Wclliuul  Oiuiiil,  ;i  Doinitiioii  work  which  connects  Lake  Oiitario 
with  li;ik(>  I'lric,  iiii-^  :!-l<>  IVct  of  li)cka;:;('  in  -7  mih-s  of  distance  ;  uiul 
so  there  iirc  ^11  more  toot  of  eUwiitioii  hctweeii  Lukes  Ontiirio  mid  Krio 
thiin  tlici'c  !ii'<'  Ix'twccii  tlic  Mississippi  I{i\t'r  at  the  iiKnitli  of  the  Miii- 
no.sotii  llivcr  ;itid  Tnivcrse  Liiko,  in  a  distance  of  -•')'!  miles,  and  -11 
more  fort  of  eievatir)n  l)otwoon  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  than  between 
Traverse  Lake  and  lied  Jliver  at  MoorheaiL 

The  lied  River  of  tlie  X(jrtli  has  an  avera;^o  descent  of  less  tlian 
seven  inehes  in  the  niih' ;  is  navigable  for  steamboats  27")  niih's,  and 
avaiiahli'  for  small  h()als  and  barges  a  longer  distance.  The  Ued 
lliver  id'  the  North  ran  lie  utilized  for  the  joint  aceonnnodation  and 
mutual  interest  of  \\'innipeg.  I'endiiiia  ami  St.  I'unl,  and  other  centres 
of  inland  intern  ade.  Kailro'id  bridges  across  it,  but  a  few  Icet  above 
high-water  mai'k,  can  be  elevated  or  provided  with  draws  as  on  other 
rivers. 

The  Northwest  hail  a  very  small  population  when  the  Erie  Canal 
Avas  opened  in  iSiiT),  but  look  now  at  its  tonnage  and  consiiler  its  im- 
portance as  an  artery  of  trade.  And  from  Albany  and  IJutfalo  turn 
to  St.  Paul  and  Winiupeg  ;  cast  the  horoscope  of  Minnesota,  and  dis- 
cern first  a  million,  next  two  niillious,  ;iiiil  after  that  more  millions  of 
population,  with  St.  l*aul  expanded  into  an  emporium  of  trade  cor- 
I'espoiidingly  conspicuous.  bo;its  jdying  the  navigable  water  route  and 
cars  speeding  the  I'ailway  track  between  St.  I'aul  and  Winnipeg; 
Manitoba  a  State  of  the  Tnion,  and  the  jiopulation  of  the  Mississi[)pi 
Valley  counted  by  more  millii)ns  than  arc  at  this  lime  in  North 
America,  north  of  .Mexieo:  not  crowded  as  in  China  proper,  however, 
where  in  an  area  of  l,.").'>4,".ir)o  si|uare  miles  there  are  40;"), -l-), 152 
human  bi'lnj^s,  the  tei'ritorv  occunieil  Ijein^j  less  than  half  the  size 
of  the  I'niled  States;  and  where,  in  the  ])rovince  of  (Janhwuy,  on 
AS.-lticS  sipiare  miles,  there  were  years  ago  oG, ")0(j,8o8  inhabitants; 
iis  close  together  and  densely  packed  almost  as  honey  bees  in  a  hive, 
and  not  unlike  tlu'  honey-bee-housekeepers  in  industry  to  provide  and 
I'coiiomv  to  save;  but  in  the  ratio  of  Europe  west  of  the  loiiiiitude  of 
Belgrade  and  Warsaw,  comprising  Germany,  Italy,  France,  Spain, 
Belgium,  Holland,  and  Croat  Britain. 

Nor  is  there  fancy  or  exaggeration  in  this  ])rospect  ;  for  already 
in  matters  appertaining  to  middle  North  America  the  word  West — a 
term  of  magiiitude  like  the  toian  Ea>t  in  E.iroiie  apjilied  to  Asia — has 
absorb'  d  the  fai'  west.  siMthwesl  and  northwest,  ami,  along  with  the 
basin  of  the  Mississippi  l{i\er.  includes  the  basins  ol'  the  lakes  west 
of  Niagara  Falls,  and  all  the  region  between  salt  water  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Hudson  Bay. 

From  Washington,  New  Mexico  and  Montana,  and  all  between,  arc 


in  the  West ;  as  from  liomlon,  Iliiidnstaii  and  Sihoria.  an<l  all  lictwccii 
and  Ix'vond,  arc  i)i  tlio  Hast. 

The  iniajjination  in  not  t'liarLroaMo  with  oxtravnjxanro  whore  predic- 
tion has  lioen  surpasseil  \,\  pcriunnaiice  and  dreams  Iiavc  heen  real- 
ize(l  in  persons  ami  things  siil)stantial. 

Consi(h'r  :  A  zone  elieckei'ed  with  States  across  theeontiiieut  where 
it  is  three  thousand  miles  across,  hetween  the  Atlantic  ami  I'acilic 
oceans;  an  iiiterior  hasin,  with  thirtv-six  de::rees  of  lonifitude  hetween 
its  rim  in  tlie  vMleghany  Mountain  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Ivoi-ky 
Mountains  in  Montana  :  its  diameter  one-tenth  theeireiiinference  of  the 


rlol 


)C : 


its  area  ten  times  the  >ize  of  <inat  r>ritain  and    Ireland,  and 


SIX  tunes  tnc  size  or  iM'anco ;  and  wlncli  uitciioi-  h.isni  lietween  nn)un- 
taiii  watersheds,  if  pcdpled  in  the  ratie  pel'  sipnire  mile  of  France  in 
1S7l\  would  contain  lllti,U()0. ()()()  of  inhahitants  ;  a  liasin  dotted  with 
cities  from  I'ittshurgh  to  Denver,  fr(nn  New  Orleans  to  St.  I'aul,  into 
which  cities  are  gathered  for  market  the  plenteous  harvests  from 
prairies  and  plains,  from  valleys  with  river.>  in  their  Iap>,  and  from 
ta])le  lands  amouij;  the  mountains;  a  l)elt  of  earth  maile  luxuriant  anil 
hountiful  hy  nature,  containing 

d 


milMon- 


if  acres    under  tillaii' 


iiro- 


lli 


>f 


(lucing  crops  not  eciualled  in  other  cunies,  ami  miluons  ot  acres  open 
for  settlement  and  cultivation  to  iunuigrants  from  foreign  lands,  and 
to  native  citizens  prone  to  withdraw  from  large  towns  and  small 
farms,  to  enjoy  a  preferred  life  on  the  frontier,  remote  from  neighhor- 
hood  and  noise. 


C  II  A  r  T  K  IJ    III. 

At  the  be^inninci  of  the  prescnit  centurv  there  was  no  State  west 
of  Pennsylvania,  nortli  of  the  Ohio  Www.  Since  daniiary  I.  iSOii, 
twenty-two  new  States  liave  heon  admitted  into  tlie  rnioii — (Uie  fur 
every  three  years.  At  the  date  mentione(l,  Pennsylvania  was  the 
frontier  State  on  the  foi'tieth  jiarallel  of  nortli  latitude:  hut  there  are 
now  on  that  geographical  line,  west  of  the  "  Keystone"  of  the  original 
thirteen  States  that  won  independence  and  framed  tlie  Constitution — 
twin  achievements  and  a  diuilile  lame — eight  States  and  one  Territory, 
admitted  at  these  dates,  to  wit  ; 


Ohio, 

lXi)-2 

Mi-souri, 

1S21 

Nevada, 

lsO-1 

Indiana, 

ISKJ 

Kansas, 

1801 

Califjrnia, 

1850 

Illinois, 

1818 

Colorado, 

1870 

Utah,  Ter., 

18oU 

*J(» 


Ndi'tli    di'  tlic    I'ortictli    iiMrnlli'l.    -iiirc    iSdO,    tlicrc   liiivc   Ix-rii   .«ix 
Stiif('>  mill  six  Tcnitoric-  nilniitU'd.  ;it  tlicsc  ilatcs.  to  wit: 


1H(!7  I  I.lalio.  Tcr.,  1  «<••'{ 

1sr)0  \V:i^liiii,_'t(iii.  Tcr..  1S;V1 

MiiiiH'«nt;i.    ls;,7     I>;ikiii;i,  Ter..         \x*>\  Wvitiiiiiiir.  Tcr.,  istJX 

lowii.               lS4r)  ,   .Montana,  Tcr.,        IMIJ  Ala>ka,  Tcr.,  1^<«kS 


Miclii.iraii,      1'^;!T  I  Nrl.rasl<!i, 

WisCMjIxill,       I  '^47         ()l'Cn;(ill. 


Area  of  tlic  thirteen  <>ri,Lrnial  States,      .  .      ''\\S,'>1'2  square  miles. 

Area  of    tlie  iliirtv-ci^'lit    States  anil  eleven 

Trrritori-s,  .  '       .         .  .  .  .     .".,")S0,2;18         " 

In  ISOO  there  were  .sixteen  States  in  the  Union,  and  tlie 

population  was        .......     r','50S,4H.'J 

In  1h7<'  there  were  thirty-seven  States  ami  twelve  Terri- 
tories in  the  I'nioM.  an<l  the  |iopul.inoM  was     .  .  88,/>.)S,:j71 

In  1>>7>^  there  ai'c  iliirtN-ciL^ht    States  ami   elcvt'U   'i'ei'ri- 

lorics  in  ilu'  Cnioii,  ami   the  cstiniatcil  ]io|iulatii)n  is  47,'>(J(),(IO(j 

Minnesota  State  ami  hakota  Territory  Imth  ahut  on  Miiuitobti ; 
ami  how  rapiilly  the  jiuhlie  himls  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota  are  hein^ 
(lispnseil  of  hy  the  T'nited  States  apjuars  in  the  following  eompani- 
tive  statement  for  the  fiscal  years  emled  .lunc  m(I,  1S77,  and  June  oO, 
1>S7S,  the  >ame  jirice  per  acre  prevailini.'-  in  lioth  years: 


■|..t;il.   |-^7S. 

MinncM.ta.       .$1,041.1^0:1   lli 
Dakota.  1.4i;i.sill    7:5 


Tuiiii.  I-;-. 
8i^7!>,S4T  Oi! 
:il,S,:;7s  -JO 


lM<'irii.-^c. 

S7t]i,;]rj(;  lo 

1,24:1,42:5  53 


otal 


>iiii..^o:!.004  sr,  S40N.22.")  22  :^2,004,77li  (5:1 


Increase  in  one  year,  four  hundreil  ami  two  (4o2)  per  cent. 

In  Bi'itisli  America  a  very  large  [icrcentairc'  of  the  territory  is  un- 
cultivahle  ;  ami  north  of  the  sixtieth  parallel  of  latitude  the  popula- 
tion will  always  lie  exceediiij^ly  sparse,  if  human  heinirs  only  be 
enumerated,  and  miiii'atory  i'auna.  (ish  and  fowl  not  counted,. 

I  ^' 

South  of  Texas  the  coast  linos  eonverLic  to  ihc  Isthmus  of  Telman- 
te[)ec,  and  at  the  Isthmus  of  J'anama  they  are  hut  a  span  ajiart. 

In  the  manifested  destiny  of  nations  North  .Vmeriea  is  reserved  for 
free  institutions,  for  within  it  monarchy  has  jtcrished  in  ignouu'nv  each 
time  that  it  was  trii'd  :  and  the  principal  success  in  North  America,  is 
the  liipuhlic  of  the  I  iiited  States,  which  compri.-^es  its  hcst  parts,  and 
will  include  more  and  mure  nf  it.  frnm  time  to  time,  havsoevcr  IJriti.sh 
diplouuicy  may  plot  to  prevcni.  For  no  dyna.-ly  can  he  exalted  in 
America,  where  the  ^ii])remi'  power  is  in  the  people,  who  put  lunatics 
in  infirmaries,  and  dishelieve  in   thrones  and  titles,  and  wlieie  kin^.s 


•21 


imd  |)rinc('s  aro  tolcmtcil  niily  in  inimi<'  |i;irt>  in  tlicitricjil  ntnuMciiKMifs. 
Au't'il  pi'nitcnt-  will)  were  pccnlatfirs  iiiiil  s|ii'ciil;itin--  Im  loi'c  I'oi'tiiiic 
ln;i(l('  thcin  coMMTvativcs,  syc()|iliiiiits  ilcstitiiti'  ol'inanlKXKl  prjilc,  ami 
titk'-wnrsliippin;;  sriulis  and  ol)sei|iiiiiii>  lliinkcvs  may  pri'tciid  nilicr- 
wise,  ami  ask  fnr  inure  license  from  Lonilun  ;  but  tlio  preceilents  I'lii'- 
iiislied  liy  Mexico  arc  (itted  tor  Ciiiiada. 

Personally,  Maximilian  was  nncxccptionaMc ;  Imt  politically,  he 
was  iiitoleraltle.  and  in  tlie  orilcr  of  events  fell  a  viclini  to  one  u|'  the 
inesseii<iers  of  dealli  imported  in  his  hehalf  to  \un]<v  Mexicans  his  snli- 
jecfs  hy  force  of  arms,  .^nhjects  in  America,  forsooth  I  Tin'  word  may 
he  hlottcd  out  of  the  politics  of  Kiiro[)e.  for  the  citizen  may  sncceeil  the 
siihjeet  ill  Kiirope,  as  wnll  outside  as  inside  of  France,  where  all  forms 
of  ;;ov(,'riimeiit  have  had  trial  in  peace  and  in  war,  !iiid  where  the  jtc- 
piihlic,  whi(di.  in  In"",  succeedeil  the  empire,  is  a  pronounced  success, 
with  a  record  that  i-  a  niai'vel  aiiioiirr  tjie  nations. 

Mexico,  as  a  IJepuhln-.  has  a  mission  in  America,  where  the  two 
Repiihlics  do  not  jostle  ea(di  other,  for  thei-c  is  room  for  two.  siile  liy 
side.  The  city  of  Mexico  is  well  sifiiate<l  for  commuiiication  with  the 
interior  eoinitry  and  the  sea  coasts;  wdierea>,  Ottawa,  the  capital  of 
the  temporary  l)(iinini(Ui  ol'('anaila.  distant  only  lifty-live  mih's  IVom 
O^ileiishiir^,  in  the  Stale  of  New  York,  will  he  twenty-six  hundred 
iiiile.s  distant  from  the  Pacific  waters,  by  the  Canada,  Pacific  llailway. 
■when  l»iiilt.  from  Ottawa  to  Port  Moody,  in  J>ritish  C(diimhia  I  The 
railways  of  the  J)omiiiion,  financially  considered,  may  h.'ve  had  Idos- 
soms  in  prosjiectiises,  but  have  not  had  fruits  in  profits  ;  hut,  bad  as 
the  fiscal  sliowinu;  is  in  the  official  reports  of  roads  years  in  ii>e.  there 
will  be  still  less  comfort  deriveil  from  the  earninir"^  of  the  Canada 
Pacific  Pailway,  to  offset  its  prodigious  cost  ;  for  its  nuite.  like  much 
of  the  route  of  the  Inter-Colonial  I'ailway,  is  throiiLih  a  ri:;j:ion  of 
minimum  local  resources:  and  what  it<  ihroiigh  trallic  is  to  consist  of, 
and  whence  it  is  to  come,  is  an  impiiry  adjoiirncil  till  after  it  shall 
have  been  iiiauj;urated.  and  then — what  ?  Why.  then,  the  farce 
annually  repeated  at  the  Canada  Ci'and  Trunk  Pailway  nieetinir  will 
be  jdayed  simultaneoii-ly  on  two  staLi'e>.  where  pay-roll  officials  are 
the  actors  and  investors  make  up  the  audience  of  dupes. 

A  railway  from  Frazer  Kiver  southward  to  a  connection  with  a  line 
to  San  Fra!icisco  would  he  worth  more  to  l>riti>li  (.'(diimbia  than  the 
Canada  Pacific  Pailway  can  he,  cn.st  of  M;i!iitol)a  :  and  the  same  is 
true  of  Manitoba  and  the  railway  via  Winnipeg  and  Pembina,  against 
the  Ciinada  I'acific  llailway  extended  east  of  the  lied  lliver  of  the 
North  to  Ottawa. 

Coiitemi)lat(^  the  intertrade  of  the  Atlantic  States,  and  think  of 
British  Columbia  aloiiLT  with  W'ashiiiLrtoii  Terrilorv  and  the  States  (d" 


22 


Orof'on  !i>i<l  (';ilifoviii;i.  Tliink  of  the  iiitcrfnnl<' Irtwcoii  Oliio  rivor 
towns  :ni<l  New  OrliiiiH  iiii'l  tliiniiirlioiit  the  Missi'jiipjii  linj^iii,  from 
I'iilshiirj^'li  i(.  Di'tiviT.  jKid  coiisiilcr  Miiiiifolia  !i«  ti  St:ift'  in  «>yin|iiitliy 

Willi   MilllH'Xltil    IIIkI    ill    (•nll|i('r!lliil|l  \Mlll    i  pI  111  T  S  I  lit*'-,  i  1m\M|   t  M  t  lit'  <  I  III  t 

of  Mexico.  I'"rniii  Miiiiiioliii  tlir  niiihiMk  is  soiitli.  iior  cust,  jiihI  the 
iiitrrt^t  of  Miiiiitoliii  is — ;ini|  its  ;i,-)iiiiiti(»iis  ouirlit  to  he — to  nilvaiico 
finiii  Jill  iiilaiiil  jiroviiifc  into  a  niaritinic  Stiitc  like  Ii<tui>iiina, 

IikIcc'I.  it  is  a  liypotlicsis  foiMnlril  on  ;iiiciciit  watrnnark-;  ami  topd- 
^riapliica!  indications  tliat  time  was  when  the  >iji'facc  of  Lake  Win- 
nipetr  was  hii'lier  than  its  )>fesent  level,  the  prairie  hottom  of  Manitoha 
iiieler  water,  and  the  oiitllnw  t^  the  »ea  \  ia  Traverse  Lake  and  dowa 
the  Minnesota  valley  into  thr  Mississippi  Iliver.  till  a  hreak  was  made 
throuidi  the  ridi'o  which  walled  in  the  ;ri<  at  re.«crvoir  t»n  its  nortji 
side,  and  the  ehanin  I  in  which  flows  Nelson  Itiver  was  opened  to  Hud- 
son l»ay,  Jiow  Middle  Sea. 

(.'Iiautaiii(iia  Lake,  in  the  southwest  corner  of  New  York,  is  IMiMJ 
feet  alinve  the  level  of  the  >ea  and  T^lN  feet  aliov  the  level  of  Litke 
Krie.  from  which  it  is  onlv  >even  nnle>  distant  :  Imt  (.'liautaui|ua  Lake 
dis<diiir;.'es  its  waters  not  into  Lake  I'lrie,  seven  mile>  distant,  hut  into 
the  (jiulf  of  Mexico,  twenty-four  hundred  milfs  away,  via  the  Alle- 
;.flieiiy.  Uliio  and  Mississip])i  llivers. 

]>ut.  whether  the  waters  of  Lak  Winnipe;:  priirily  flowed  south, 
down  a  u'cntle  incline,  or  escaped  nnrih.  dnwu  falls  and  rapids,  the 
.substantial  fact  remains,  that  Manitnlia  may  he  jmt  in  navigalde  eom- 
niunicalion  with  the  Missis.sippi  Iliver,  so  that  boats  may  b(!  passed 
from  Wiiinipetf  to  St.  I'aul.  tind  even  from  ]Iudson  IJay  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico;  as  boats  can  now  naviirate  a  coiitinuous  water-route  between 
New  Orleans  and  Quebec,  via  the  Illiiinis  Kiver  and  the  canal  thence 
to  (.'hieairo,  whence  the  way  is  dpcii  to  the  lower  St.  Lawrence. 

Lake  Winnipeg  may  be  made  a  commercial  dock  or  pool  like  Lttke 
Erie,  if  its  navigation  be  eonnecteil  by  canal  with  the  river  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  llivers.  as  Lake  Krie  is  connected  with 
tide-water  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  via  the  Welland  (.'anal,  ami  with  the 
Hudson  Iliver  by  tlie  Erie  Canal,  a  work  to  which  New  York  State  is 
indebted  for  its  "empire"  rank,  and  New  York  city  for  its  commercial 
supremacy. 

The  Saskatchewan  and  the  iSIissouri  are  kitidred  rivers,  wdiose 
sources  are  near  together  in  the  |{o(d<y  Mountain.^,  aiid  the  coiumutii- 
ties  along  the  sister  river  banks  will  develop  afhnitie.s  for  intertrade 
that  will  promote  commercial  intercourse  and  political  co-part)ier>liip; 
for  the  Krazer  Iliver  and  the  Columbia  Iliver.  the  Mi.-.-uuri  Iliver  and 


the  Saskatchewan   Iliver, 
among  the  ]icaks  id'  the 


like   the    n\cr: 


All 


eglicriy 


M 


which   flow  from    fountains 

les. 


oiintaiii.  d'lWii    hotli   Its  sn 


28 

all  drain  parts  of  one  poiuitn-.  porv:iil<"l  l.y  !H(,i.imi.M  sympatliy,  \\liirli 
an  artilicijil  lino  cantiot  dissevrr  noi'  tlistrart. 

St.  I'.inl  is  an  ini|Mirfanf  siiainKoat  rcrininns  iiimI  a  conspiciUHis 
ciMitrc  III"  railway  irallic.  l-'miM  Si.  Paul  llhir  arc  It'lO  miles  uf 
stramliont  navi;.'ati<»n  .s.iutliwanl  to  New  Orleans,  ami  HM:'.  iniles  of 
stcamiMiai  navi::afiMn  eastward  tn  I'ittsluir^li.  (Jn  I  lie  Mississippi 
liver  and  its  principal  trihutaries  there  are  l<i.<i74  miles  of  river  navi- 
;,'atiiin.      \'ei'ily,  llic  Mi»si.»ippi  Wivur  system  is  an  inland  wnndc  r. 

Surely  to  Manitolia  it  is  of  paramount  iniportanci;  that  from  liake 
Winnipeg'  there  shouM  he  a  hoat  navi;.'atinn  to  the  Mississippi  Hiver, 
as  there  is  from  liake  Michij^an  a  hoat  naviixation  t<t  tlu-  Mi-sis>ippi 
Kiver.  The  level  of  Traverse  Lake  i>  only  lil"!'  feet  ahove  the  .Nlis- 
ai.ssippi  lliver  ai  St.  I'aul.  and  ;;i;(»  (Vet  above  hake  Winnipeg;  hut 
only  1  !!•  feet,  nr  thirty-ihree  per  cent,  of  the  latter  dill'rretiee  would 
Inive  to  he  overcome  hy  locka;.'e,  hecaiisc  to  Moorhead  the  lied  lliver 
of  the  North  is  a  steamhoat  iiavi;/ation.  ami  at  Moorhead  the  .sur- 
face <if  lied  iiivei-  is  J47  feet  ahove  its  surface  tit  its  niouth  in  Lake 
WilUMpeL'. 

Between  Uuflalo  and  .Mhany.  on  the  i'anions  Mi'ie  Canal,  there  are 
(I4'J  feel  i>['  lo(d<a;.'e.  ami  from  Lake  Hrie  to  .Montri'al  there  are  r>(;s 
feet  of  lM(d<ai."'. 

lictweeii  the  lieail  of  steamhoat  naviiration  at  Moorhead,  on  the 
Hed  liivei'  of  the  North,  and  the  head  of  navi;:;ation  on  the  .Mi>sissip|ii 
lliver  at  the  niouth  of  the  Minnesota  Hiver.  the  lo(d<a;^e  would  he  only 
41 N  i"eet.  l-")0  feet  less  than  the  h)(d<aL'e  lietweeii  the  Ij.'lke  Erie  head 
of  the  Welland  ('anal  a;iii  Minli'eal  on  the  St.  Lawi-ence. 

No  one  can  examine  the  (pie-tion  id'  the  Iiasin  u['  the  Mis>issippi 
main  rivei-  and  its  tributaries  ami  le.t  ht;  convinced  that  the  Ued 
Kiver  <d"  the  North,  whiidi  is  ilivideil  i'rum  the  allluents  id"  the  Missis- 
sippi Kiver  and  the  Missouri  Kiver  hy  a  j)henonienally  low  prairie 
divide  with  innumerable  lakes,  will  he  connected  hy  canal  with  the 
naviifahle  streams  sm  verv  near  it  on  both  side-;,  east  and  west. 

Ketweeu  Fort  (iai'ry.  on  Kid  Kiver.  and  Lake  Superior,  the  bo- 
minion  ixovernment  lia<  in  operation  a  route  consisting;  of  14U  miles 
of  road,  H  miles  of  porta;^es  and  odd  miles  of  water  navi^fition  ;  total 
length  4")!.'  miles.  The  sunnnit-level  swamp  on  this  route,  distant  74 
miles  from  Prince  Arthur  Landiii!.'.  Lake  Sujierior,  is  14(S;'>  ft'ct  ahove 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  df^'.t  fei't  hi^dier  than  Lake  Traverse  above 
the  sea:  so  that  from  the  swamp  summit  to  Lake  Superior,  whicli 
latter  is  GUU  feet  above  the  sea,  there  is  a  descent  of  XS'd  feet,  a,i,'ain.st 
'2W  feet  from  Lake  Traverse  summit  to  the  Mississippi  Kiver. 

During:  the  vear  ended  June  •")'.>.  lN7«i.  there  were  carrieil  over  the 
Douiiiuon  .summer  route,  between   Lake  Superior   ami  Fort  Oarry, 


2i 

2172  passengers,  ii  small  iiiinibcr.  coiL-idcrin^  tlic  Inrcc  i'iii|il()vcil  on 
tlo  Caiiadii  Pat'ifu'  I{ail\V!i_v,  ;i(Miti(iii;il  lo  roiijcut  jin|iiilaii(iii,  ciiii- 
craiits  iioini:  nut  ami  iimniLrrants  coiiiiii^  in. 

Diirinr;;  tlio  vcar  cihIimI  .Iiuic  ^S".  iSTtl,  the  Nortlicni  racilic  Hail- 
roail  carried  -StU")  passengers  to  ami  til)")l  passengers  I'roni  jNIoorhead 
on  IJed  IJiver. 

I)y  llie  Canada  i'aeifle  Railway  roiit(^  the  distance  IVnni  I"'i)rt  (Jarrv 
on  Jic(l  Hiver  to  Lake  8u|)eri(ir  at  l^'^rt  William  is  Ui>  miles.  From 
Fort  (Jarry  the  air-lino  distance;  is  ;")(•  miles  less  to  Duliitli  in  Min- 
nesota tlian  to  l''ort  William  in  Ontario. 

From  Fort  (larry  the  railroad  dislanees  sr)uth  and  east  are:  To 
the  Minnesota  line,  hy  the  I'emliina  hraneli,  S")  miles  ;  to  l)re(d<en- 
ridge  on  IJod  l{i\er.  2S7  miles:  to  St.  I'aiil  nn  the  Mississippi  lliver, 
T)!!!  miles;  IVom  St.  I'anl  to  Chieago,  IH'.I  miles;  |<"(irt  (iarry  via 
J>re(  .vC'iridge  and  St.  J'aul  to  ('hieagn,  HI:!  miles.  The  distance  hy 
rail  hetween  Chicago  and  Fort  (Jai'ry  can  he  shiirtene(l  it  hiiinlred 
miles  via  Milwauhee  and  Tliomscni. 

From  ('iiieagii  tn  New  York  i)y  shurtest  route  via  I'itt.-'hurgh  and 
rhihidel]»hia.  operated  hy  the  Pennsylvania  ilailroad  Company,  the 
ili>tance  is  I'N)  miles,  precisely  the  same  as  the  distance  IVniu  Chieago 
via  St.  I'anl  and  IJreekenridge  to  lower  l''ni't  (iatrv,  when'  the  Canada. 
Pacific  IJaihvay  crosses  Med  IJiver.  Total  il:--t;iiice  I'lom  h'ort  <iarry 
through  lireckeiiridge,  St.  J'aul,  Chira'io  and  riiiladelphia.  to  New- 
York  city,  I.Sl'II  luiles.  l<'i'nm  l'"ort  Carry  to  llalii'ax  hy  <'aiiada 
I'acific  and  Intercolonial  Railways  via  Ottawa,  .Montreal  and  <,>uehec, 
the  ili-taiu'e  is  2-"»ns  luiles.  all  on  Dominion  territorv. 

As,  however,  the  St.  Lawri'iice  is  ice-hound  for  half  the  year,  com- 
prising a  jiart  of  aiitiiuni,  the  whole  of"  winter,  and  luore  than  two- 
thii'ds  of  sprihg,  the  ports  of  Montreal  and  (^>iiehec  ai'c  of  coin'sc 
closed  to  na\igalion  all  that  time;  and  as  Halifax  is  IS'J  miles  farther 
distant  tiuin  New  York  ( ity  froiii  h'ort  (iairy.  llie  foicign  trade  of 
Manitoha,  if  alhjwed  to  idioose  its  own  channel,  will  he  across  Miii- 
nosotii  and  through  rni(ni  seaports  to  Europe. 

The  andiition  to  have  a  through  route  <ui  Dominion  territory  is, 
therclore,  heset  w  ith  drawhack-  to  realization  insuiinountahle  in  prac- 
tice. The  untrammelled  inteilrade  hetween  the  Slates  of  the  I'nion 
Avill  m^l  he  fiverlooked  hy  Manitoha,  which  will  hardly  consent  to  he 
"  hottled  '"  for  [)olitical  reasons  formulated  at  Ottawa,  hy  ii  propaganda 
that  would  transplant  to  the  new  world  the  political  society  shams  of 
the  old  WDild,  outside  of  Swil/.erhind  iind  h'iaiice. 

Why  should  Fiigland  endure  a  tilled  ari>t;)cracy  that  withlndds 
from  cultivation  millions  ol'  aere>  in  a  c(tuntry  that  imports  much  of 
its  hreadstiillV,  pay^  hut  little   tax   on    landeil    I'state,   arroL'ales   social 


25 


Hiipcrim'itv,  (miJdvs  flic  lil^'licst  (illicc  lionoiv,  mhi]  rin-fls  in  fnsliifHiMlilc 
(lissi|);iti(iii.  willi  wciiltli  hi  cdiiiimmikI  llic  liiMirics  of  life,  wlicrc  cdiii- 
forls  arc  so  .-cai'cc  ainniiif  tlir  ma>-('> '.' 

Ill  \h(.'  I  iiioii  only  <''>iiiiiin(litic>  arc  clas-iiici'.  and  all  lioimrs  ami 
(i|)|)iirtiiiiiti{N  arc  open  to  IVcc  cd'Hiictition.  In  (ircat  IJritain  title 
ami  position  arc  inlicritcil  anil  traiisniitlc'l.  aid  tlicrc  tlic  liallot  can  do 
iiiil   litth"  L'ood  until  tlic  laws  of  priinni^cnitiirc  and  entail  lie  repealeil. 

Under  a  dvna.-tv,  niaii-|io\vcr,  liorse-)in\ver,  and  steam-power  arc  all 
alike  considered  availaMe  I'nr  iitili/atioii  in  tlie  ee(Uiiini_v  id'  irovern- 
iiiciit.  And  lliMs  man,  ••  immortal  man,  made  in  the  ima^c  (d  his 
Maker,"  is  dei^'radcil  |,i  a  hiaite  and  e(|nalcd  to  a  macdiinc.  His 
natural  riLdils  are  rcslricied  heyniid  the  necessities  of  a  IcLi-al  endc 
essential  i'or  order  and  admini-'iral  ion,  and  his  pri\  dcL'cs  are  circiim- 
serihed  to  a  minimum  radius  (d'  nptiiui  :  Inr  he  i-,  the  suhject  of  the 
(•rown,  and  is  l(dd  to  he  ihankl'iil  for  the  royal  condescension  that 
makes  life  hearahle,  iiiidei-  cmidilions  v.hiidi  provide  palaces  ami  parks 
lor  inheriloi's  oi'  ancolral  disi  inctiiuis,  life  tenures,  and  entailed 
estates,    and    reduce    the    millions     to    an    existence    heset    with    more 

liri'dit  liv 


ni 


Miallies  than  ciunpcii^at  ions,  ol'len  clouded  hy  day.  --cidom 

"•lit  :    a,  iiur"-alorial    lif"    hetween  a  worse  comlilion  under  iiai'harism 


and  a  hcttci'  condition  under  unit'orni  riirhts. 

Ill  a  rcpuhli<'  hil■Ihl•l^lll    is  ei|ualily  under  the  law.  and  free  e(unpc 
tition    lor   the   pnhlic   (dlices  and    honor.-  and    in   the   pi(d'os>ions  am 


mrsiiit.- 


In  a  inoiiarchv  titles  and   Ihuiors   arc   reserved   out  (d'  the  common 

in    a  rcpiildic   comprises   the   whole   people, 
talilislmiciit  admini.-tcred  and 


slock  ol    tlie  slate,  which 

wlieri'as  in  a  monarchv  the  -late  is  an  c 


ciiiovod   I)V  a  la w-i'avm-cil   (dass  :   an   aristocracy  not  of  mind  or  supc- 
I'  hraiii  cajiacitv,  Imt  id'  hirlli    under  a  dynastic   code  wherein 


rionty  o 


pri'roL'ativcs  arc  perpetuated,  contrary  lo  the  repuhhcaii  practice  ami 
tlic  wise  course  of  natiiri'  which  with  im partial  hand  >cattci's  its  Li'il'ts  in 
the  soils   and   rmd^s,   where    iliev    reward    the   liiider   accordin,^  as   lie 


ariis  success  hy  his  own  industr\   ami  i 


IVorl. 


Tl 


ic    seasons  come    and    l'o.    am 


rclurii  in  tlic  circle  run. 

sitiides  in  the  weather  :  the  day  run^ 

tlie  air  is  li(d<le  in  its  temperature. 


1    a  Tier   cxi'vy  dc])artiirc   there   is    a 
for  naliiri'  has  (ixcd  laws  which  survive  vicis- 


it>  rounds  io  iriic  time,  and  only 


Unman  government   is  comparat  ive,  and   at    hcsi   impi'rlccl,  hccaiise 


ajiihitious  man  is  prone  to  discontent,  an 


from  a  slep  mounted  striv<vs 


to  (dinili  a  step  ii 


iL:'lier  and  is  overt  iirneil  ;    lo 


rests,   one   on 


the    ground,    the   other   ai:ain 


r  a  ladder  must   have  I  wo 
i\.    an   olijccl    t 


o    proi)    lis 


elevated  end  ;   am 


moved.  Its  own  liravit  v  w 


I  if  ;|  |,||    under   it    he  opem  d  or   its   support    he  re- 
ill  cause  it    to   fall;   so    Lioveniiuent    iiiilsl    he 


2<i 


founded  in  iinj)iirtial  justice,  iind  be  .supported  ])y  juiblio  opinion,  else 
it  will  incline  from  tlio  u]iri^lif,  iind  in  its  tnndilo  down  take  with  it 
to  tlie  LTfound  tliose  wlio  ininle  of  it  ii  liulder  for  selfish  exultation,  in 
(brgctf'iilness  of  the  sjtecial  piovideiice  that  its  top  round  was  helow 
the  lookout  summit  whei-e  puldie  opinion,  in  a  repuhlie,  is  ji  law  of 
irravitation  to  had  men  who  aspire  to  leadership  auionj^  the  people. 
In  a  dvnasty  there  is  a  stai.diii;^  anuv  of  hnvonets  ;  in  a  republic  the 
adult  ]iopulatioii  is  arme(l  with  the  ballot,  whicii  at  the  poll  is  the 
cquivalont  oi   a  ball  in  battle. 

Louisiana  is  a  conspicuous  State  in  the  Union  by  reason  of  its 
sui'ar  and  cotton  plantations,  and  because  it  abuts  on  the  (Julf  of 
Mexico  and  contains  the  focus  of  Mississippi  liiver  and  seaboard  and 
trans-Atlantic  trade  in  the  city  of  xSew  (Orleans,  which  occupies  one 
of  the  nu)st  commanilin<^  sites  on  the  wcndd's  waters,  for  domestic 
and  foreign  traile,  having  thousands  of  miles  of  steamboat  miviga- 
tion  on  the  fresh-water  rivers  in  its  rear,  and  tens  of  thousands  of 
miles  of  steamship  navigation  in  the  ocean  currents  on  its  front  and 
ilaid<s. 

As  ii  State  in  tli(>  T'nioii.  ^Manitoba  would  attract  observation  and 
ac(iuire  distinction,  because  it  abuts  on  Hudson  liay  or  Middle  Sea, 
which  is  a  summer-door  to  the  ocean  from  Minnesota  and  the  West, 
but  which,  notwithstanding  J>i'itish  professions  of  free  trade  when  an 
Englislrinan  opens  his  mouth  in  Washington,  is  shut  and  barred  to 
Ibrce  trad(!  down  the  St.  Lawrence.  Consider  the  geographical  situa- 
tion of  Hudson  J>ay,  which  continues  the  sea  into  the  West  more  than 
hair  wav  across  the  Canada  main,  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans.  With  Hudson  Lay  declared  a  free  and  open  sea,  Manitoba 
as  a  maritime  State  would  profit  iVoni  a  back-door  on  the  north  open 
to  Eurupe,  as  Louisiana   profits  from  a  front-door  on  the  south  open 


to  the  West  Lidit 


am 


1  all  the  Atlantic  coast? 


Manitoba,  as  one  of  six    States  across  the   I'nion,  where  its  axle 


would   tiieti  turn  on  six  wue( 


Is.  L 


ouisiana,  Arkansas 


M 


issouri, 


lowi 


^Minnesota,  and  Manitoba,  between  two  seas,  one  called  a  bay,  the 
other  a  gulf,  would  have  communication  in  all  directions  between  the 
haunts  of  Newfoundland  whales  and  Aleutian  seals,  tropical  alligators 
and  polar  bears. 

True,  Nelson   River  has  rapids  and  falls,  and  so  has  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  other  lake  ami  river  routes,  ra[)ids   and  falls  ;  but  these 


natural  obstructions  to  navigation  have  beei 

A' 


1  overcoi 


ue  by  the  judicious 


expenditure  of  money  in  works  engineered  with  skill  ;  and  thus 
through  ways  of  art,  works  of  natun-  ai-e  utilized.  Ami  conip;ire(l 
with  what  has  been  expended,  and  widely  expended,  on  artilicial  aids 
to  navigation  between  Lake  Superior  and  tidewater  in  the  St.  Law- 


27 


■Ise 

1  it 

ill 

IdW 

of 


Its 
of 


rencc,  the  sum  Mociled  would  ho  small,  to  jn-oviilo  iu-tificijil  aids  to 
navi^ration  from  Ijake  Wmnipcj^  to  Hudson  l>!iy. 

It  is  but  a,  sliort  distaiifo  from  Lake  ^Villllip('g  to  Hudson  [>ay, 
from  Lake  Superior  to  James  I'ay.  And  ii'  the  Canada  I'acilie  Ilail- 
Avay  l)e  located  on  the  north  side  of  Lake  Nipiffon,  a  short  braneh 
road  would  .-ulfico  to  reacli  a  liarhor  on  James  jlav. 

Apart  from  ]>ritish  con.-idei-ations,  which  in  tli(>  I)ominioii  run 
counter  to  the  logic  of  American  events,  it  is  its  commercial  merit  as 
a  portagt'  railway  between  the  (lulf  of  (leorgia  and  Hudson  JJay, 
through  British  ('ohnnbia  and  Manitoba,  that  jrives  the  Canada  Pacific 
Eailway  much  of  the  interest  it  awakens.  And  as  it  is  certain  that 
]\Iontreal  will  advocate  branches  from  the  Canada  Pacific  main  line  to 
ports  on  near-by  tidewaters,  ]\Lintreal  cannot  ilemur  if  Manitoba  insist 
on  a  branch  road  to  a  terminus  on  the  James  JJay  arm  ol'  the  ocean, 
so  very  much  nearer  than  tidewater  in  the  St.  Lawrence. 

The  railway  from  Fort  (jarry  to  a  junction  with  a  ^Lnncsota  road 
from  St.  Paul  t(^  St.  A'incent.  opposite  Pembina,  will,  at  the  boundary 
line,  put  Manitoba  iii  railway  communication  with  ]\Lniusota.  Winni- 
peg with  St.  Paul,  and  tlie  railway  network  of  the  .Mississippi  States — 
a  consideration  which  a  ^NLmitoban  will  not  overlook,  but  which  he 
will  be  careful  to  weigh  ami  turn  to  account. 

A  link  of  road  from  the  junction  of  the  Northern  Pacific  with  tin; 
Duluth  ami  St.  I'aul  line  at  Thomson,  to  the  Canada,  Pacific  Railway 
on  hi'di  irround  west  of  Fort  AViliiam,  where  it  deliects  northward 
and  possibly  will  pass  ai'ouml  Lake  Nipigon,  would  make  a  seaport  on 
James  Bay,  to  be  calle(l  Ml<l<lli!<i'ii.  the  northern  terminus  of  the 
Mississij)))i  railway  system,  which  now  has  its  northcinmost  station  at 
Duluth,  Lake  Superior,  a  fresh-water  reservoir,  nut  a  part  of  the 
salt-water  sea  like  James  Hay. 

Undoubtedly  Middlesea  will  be  a  grain  port — a  sort  of  Odessa — 
measured  bv  its  bushels,  on  James  Bay,  whence  Hudson  Strait  opens 
away  to  Europe,  on  the  old  track  of  ihe  Jlinlson  Hay  Company's 
ships,  where  the  season  of  navigiition  has  not  lieeii  shorteneil. 

The  incorporation  of  British  Cohuubia  and  Manitoba  with  Ontario, 
Quebec,  New  lirunswick.  Nova  Scotia,  and  Prii:ce  Edwards  Ishind, 
was  a  political  misalliance  that  will  make  incompatibility  manifest  in 
domestic  discord:  for  whilst  Manitoba  will  have  warm  fellowship  with 
Minnesota,  it  will  have  only  cold  ac(juaintance  with  lower  Ontario  and 
Quebec;  and  whilst  British  Cohuubia  will  cultivate  intimate  relations 
with  the  Pacific  States,  and  especially  \\\\\\  the  city  of  San  I'raiicisco, 
the  Atlantic  jirovinccs  of  the  dominion  will  I'dnain  strangers  to  it, 
I'or  Halifax  is  faitlier  IVmiii  it  than  is  New  ^'oik  city.  And  llv 
Canada  Pacilir  Hailwav,  failing  localise  an  exodus  into  the  wilderness 


28 

of  riu'ors.  Imt  sci'viiiL'  !H  well  to  (Mn-v  dissMtisficil  ciiiiirniiit-.s  tlioiico  iis 
(loccivi'il  iiiiiiii;_M';iiits  tliitlKT.  will  disiippoint  tiio  saiigiiiiK.'  tt'iiipcrii- 
nu'iits  of  ljnii(l()!i.  where 

"  "I'i-  ilislaiicr  liMi'l-i  cinliiniliiiciil  to  llic  vii'W," 
Ami  '/ilils  llir  iccliiTH-  wiih  tlir  iMli  lien's  line. 


IjctwccMi  Liike  Supeiior  iPul  J;iiiies  V>:\y  a  tcinpni'ary  bouiulary, 
Itcvoiid  wliieli  tlie  |)oriiiiiioii  iiiiiy  not  ,i:<i,  is  itulioateil  in  ])roba]»ilitios 
vliieli  arc  as  IiIiksoius  (if  future  fruits,  depeudiiig  for  maturity  on 
seasMii,  rircunistaiico  and  time. 

A  sulijeet  is  nut  a  citizen  :  a  su1»j"et  is  viMpiired  to  lie  alle;;iant  to 
a  dvlul^tv  t'l  wliieli  are  niortixaired  the  natural  rights  of  his  posterity, 
fi'oiii  ^feneration  to  iri'iieratioii  :  a,  citizen,  on  the  contrary,  is  loyal  to 
liis  liovernuieiit,  of  whicli  he  is  a  vital  part,  and  which  ho  operates 
throiiii'h  proxies  appointed  liy  tlie  hallot  that  thinks  and  counts,  and 
therein  diiVer>  froui  the  haynnet.  which  is  oidy  a  tool  :  ami  as  the 
judicious  citizen  is  careful  of  his  own  body,  to  preserve  his  health  and 
proioni;-  his  life,  so  i<  he  also  watchful  of  the  I'cpublic,  especially  when 
dani:er  lowers  and  a  crisis  impends,  ready  and  an.xious  witli  the  remedy 
which  the  ballot  contains,  to  cure  tdjuses  that  dei^rade  localities  and 
detcriorati'  the  civil  ser.'ce. 

Since  the  (irst  ])air  were  cast  out  of  Eden,  and  Adam  was  told  "to 
till  the  L'round  from  whence  he  was  taken."  there  has  been  ihi  paradise 
on  the  earth.  Hut  a  reimblic  approximates  parailise,  compared  with 
(itlicr  govei'umcnts.  as  Christian  piety  ai)proxiinates  perfection,  com- 
pared with  Turkish  brutality  and  .Mahometan  absolutism. 

i'ersonal  governm<nt  is  des|)otisin,  iIIustvat(Ml  in  the  First  and  the 
Third — the  bi^r  and  the  little  Naitoleon — who  both  wa'^ed  war  for 
aggression,  and  both  caused  tlii'  tempor;iry  prostration  of  France  at 
enormous  eii<t  in  trea-ure  and  life.      And  for  what'.'      I'liin  ///"/'//.' 

And  sn-calk'il  responsible  go\<'i'inuenf,  where  there  is  a  crown  or 
life  tenure,  with  a  right  of  succession,  and  an  aristocracy  with  personal 
prerogatives  and  cla>s  ]iriviU'ges.  is  a  "counterfeit  presentment"  of 
constitutional  power,  liecause  it  represents  only  a,  portion  of  the  people 
ruled,  and  where  all  are  not  represented  the  rights  of  the  uiirepro- 
senteil  are  usurped. 

In  Knrope.  France  and  Switzerland  e.xcepteil,  the  masses,  deprived 
ol  the  exerci.-e  '■)['  rights  essential  to  free  and  e([ua,l  government,  are 
graduated  in  the  scale  of  life  farther  below  their  oppressors,  wlm  rule 
over  them,  than  they  are  marked  above  the  lloid<s  and  herds,  not- 
withsiantling  that,  in  the  order  of  nature,  the  pi'ince  and  the  peasant 
die  bv  the  sanu'  process — d 
nient  together  on  their  merit- 


dissolve  into  common  dust — ainl  <rn  to  iud''- 


•HI 


)U(lg- 


Tho  yVmoricari  citizen,  from  tlio  politinil  level  on  ■vvliicli  tlio  people 
stand,  iiiiiy  mount  the  winding  stair  ot"  iiroinotioii  In  its  tnpuKist  step. 
and  tliere  elevated  wield  the  ))vesideiiev  of  the  United  State- :  hut  ai 
the  eiid  of  his  tei'ni  he  descends  IVoni  lii-  liiLdi  oflice  nf  hiiiniui  L'l'eat- 
ness.  and,  havin;^:  witnessed  the  iiian'_niratinii  u\'  Ids  leiral  siiceessdi-. 
quietly  resumes  his  cilizeiisliip.  withmit  a  pen-ion  or  dtlier  reward 
than  the  iiffections  of  a  constituency  faithfully  servetl,  and  which  he 
reciprocates  and  is  grateful  for. 

In  a  province  wlu're  the  siiltject  o\v"S  allcLdance  to  a  foreign  power, 
there  is  ii  condition  of  dependence  not  congenial  to  niaiiliood  aspira- 
tions for  distinction  and  progress.  And  it  is  called  ''recruiting  the 
aristocracy  fr(»ni  the  raiiks,"  when  a  coinnmner.  no  matter  for  wiiat 
reason,  is  given  a  title  to  distinguish  him  from  his  fellows.  Hut  pre- 
fixion  and  fiuifi.xion  are  dropped  from  the  immortal  names  hest  known 
throughout  the  world,  as.  for  iiistance,  ■•(Jeorge  Washington,"  who  was 
commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  during  the  revolution,  and  the  first 
President  of  the  Inited  States.  The  WDrhl  identifies  indelihle  naims 
with  indelible  deeds,  and  does  not  cite  titles  wlien  it  ipu)tes  hernes  and 
benefactors.  Why,  tlien.  are  title-  mtide  iiduritances  in  kingdoms? 
Because  they  represent  civil  prerogati\es  and  .-oeial  distinctions,  re- 
served from  the  jieople  despoiled  of  their  I'ights  !  The  unrest  of  the 
people  makes  the  dynasties  of  the  Old  World  shake  like  a  cradle  on 
rockers.  And  for  a  cause  of  the  prevailing  unrest  look  at  the  inecpi^di- 
tics  in  the  condition  of  the  masses,  oppressed  with  national  dehts, 
standing  armies,  heavv  taxes  and  poor  jiay  for  hard  work.  Intellec- 
tual superiority,  where  not  hound  or  bottled,  will  assert  it-elf.  compid 
recognition,  and  connnand  acceptation  and  admiration,  too.  if  its  ten- 
dencies be  sympathetic  and  patriotic.  Cavour,  Thiers  and  liisiiiarck 
are  three  illustrious  examph'S  of  individual  intlueiice  in  national  coun- 
cils in  recent  times. 

Keii'nin"  houses  in  Eurovie  do  not  abound  in  idea-,  and  their  cost 
as  establishments  is  not  alone  in  di.-[)rop(jrtioii  to  their  availability  to 
the  state,  but  is  equally  in  dis])roportion  to  the  capacity  of  the  people 
to  pay.  Retrc'iiehment  which  begins  by  reiliicing  the  com]iensation 
of  the  lowliest,  whose  per  diem  i-  least,  is  false  economy  :  for  a-  jirices 
go  down,  the  purchasing  power  oi'  the  didlar  goes  uj).  Hence,  those 
who  escape  reduction  of  salary  by  the  year  are  benefited  by  the  tni  — 
fortunes  of  those  who  sulfer  reduction  of  compensation  per  day  and 
hour. 

Contrast  tlie  revenues  of  the  royal  family  of  (Ireat  Hritain  from  the 
national  treasury  ami  other  sources,  with  the  pay-roll  of  all  the  opera- 
tives in  the  "  Idack  country"  of  Lancashire,  ami  the  cost  of  royalty, 
with  its  immunities  ami  impunities,  would  be  apparent. 


30 


In  the  United  Status  altuses  cro])  out  in  the  newspapers,  and  the 
delinquent  is  discusseil  afid  rctiretl  on  the  blaek  list. 

Ill  Great  Britain  the  consecjuenees  of  abuses  nre  visited  on  tlio 
struL'-'dinL'  \vni'kin''inan,  who  is  the  l)ott(»ni  rock  in  'i,  soeial  system 
which  h:is  more  (K'ixri'cs  and  gradations  than  there  are  torniatioiis  in 
the  stratification  exposed  in  a  shaft,  from  the  surface  of  the  j^round  to 
the  bottom  of  a  deep  mine. 

In  the  Tnited  States  the  avenues  of  preferment  are  as  numerous 
and  as  open  as  tlie  public  roads,  to  the  honors  of  station  a,nd  the  prizes 
of  I'lirtune.  And  herein  America  is  utterly  unlike  (Ireat  IJritain, 
where  there  are  laws  of  prijnogenitnre  and  entail,  and  a  nobility  titled 
by  i)atenr  ri;^ht.  like  devices  in  the  mechanic  arts.  Hence,  subjects  in 
the  over-peopled  countries  of  Eurojie  (particularly  parents  of  chil- 
dren), who  look  abroad  over  the  earth  in  search  of  fields  wherein 
opportunities  invite  enterprise  and  industry,  are  fortunate  if  they 
elect  to  train  for  citizenship  of  the  United  Stales,  where  the  Celtic 
and  Teufoiiic  branches  of  tiie  Caucasian  race  are  eouijlomerated  in  a 
new  type  of  advanced  humanity,  builders  of  States  in  a  cemented  Union 
which  has  a  base  broad  ;is  the  continent  and  a  roof  higlier  than  the 
clouds. 

Into  this  Union.  Alaska  and  the  Aleutian  Islands,  acquired  from 
Russia  in  IStiT — an  aetpiisitiou  geouiraphically  strategic  and  politically 
significant — was  tlie  aiimission  of  latest  date. 

The  admission  of  ^lanitoba  and  British  Coiiunbia  will  follow,  be- 
cause in  the  Dominion  they  insulate  Alaska  from  its  sisters,  and  are 
in  ])olitical  association — not  witli  neighbors  next  door,  with  whom 
alliance  would  be  the  result  of  luitural  laws — but  with  distant  rela- 
tions, through  unhap[)y  contract  into  which  they  were  inveigled  when 
too  weak  to  resist  persuasion. 

The  retrocession  of  the  territory  ceded  to  (jreat  Britain  by  the 
treaty  of  June  lo,  18-46,  prior  to  which  it  Inul  been  avowed  by  the 
Polk  administration  that  the  title  of  the  United  States  to  the  Russian 
line  at  54''  40'  was  ''clear  and  un(piestionabie,'"  will  (quicken  a  Pacific 
coast  province  into  a  Pacific  coast  State,  and  give  the  Strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuca  rank  ami  conseijuence  with  the  Golden  Gate  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

And  Manitoba,  separated  from  the  province  of  Ontario  by  a  tem- 
porary boundary  line  frtnn  the  north  side  of  Minnesota  to  the  south 
end  of  James  J>ay,  will  no  longer  be  in  solitude,  cold  as  its  ice  and 
cheerless  as  its  north  wind,  for  annexation  will  do  for  Manitoba  what 
ainicxatiuu  did  fur  Texas,  as  witness: 


31 


)l  : 


Populiitioii  of  Texas,  consiis  of  1H7<>,      .  .         HIS, 

iStatos  of  Mexico  on  Jio  llio  (jraiido  river: 
Population  of  Taiiiaulipas,      .          .         .     108.514 
rojmlation  of  Coalmila,          .          .         .        <)7.(»!n 
Population  of  Cliihualuia,       .          .         .      1T1»,1'"1 
Total  as  per  report  nf  (•dunni.ssiou  IVoni 
Mexico    to   Pliiladelpliia   (Jentonnial 
Exhibition,  ....      o.'itl.lT'I 


Texas  in  excess  of  three  Mexican  horiler  states,       4<J2,403 


As   a  state  of  Mexico,  Texa.- 


AVOU 


M   have  reniaiiied  nn<levolope<l 


exactly  as  Manitoba  has  remained  undrvcbiped  under  I'.ritish  juris- 
diction, notwithstanding  the  attempts  made  to  eoloni/e  it :  fnr  Texas 
was  discovered  by  ]ja  Salle  in  I'iSO,  and  Manitoba,  too,  is  venerable, 
the  Hudson  J>ay  Company's  charter  bearing  date  lliTU — eleven  years 
before  Penn  founded  Pennsylvania — and  the  Serlick  settlement  on 
the  Ued  lliver  of  the  North  was  visited  by  Lovil  iSerliek  with  a  mil- 


itary escort   III 


'7 


ISK 


»,  at  wlucli  time 


Ind 


lana  was 


a  bor 


(ler  >tate   ami 


lUi 


iiiois  a  ierritorv, 


Mineral  discovery,  agricultural  develnpnient,  matcri;:!  progress, 
and  widesjiread  prosperity,  have  added  State  after  State  to  the  Amer- 
ican Union  in  rapid  succession,  meanwhile  that  British  territory  north 
of  the  forty-ninth  parallel,  and  Mexican  territory  south  of  the  lUo 
Grande  river,  is  still  most  of  it  wilderness,  though  ex[)lore<l  before 
the  thirteen  Pritisli  colonies  beciime  the  thirteen  oi'iginul  American 
States  of  the  Union  since  made  continental,  and  which  now  contains 
thirtv-ei<>;Iit  States  and  eleven  Territories. 

Truly  this  grand  result  is  a  glowing  credit  to  free  institutions, 
which  tolerate  no  patent  political  classes,  but  treat  all  citizens  polit- 
ically alike ;  nowhere  else  are  opportunities  so  abundant,  nor  is  suc- 
cess so  frequently  attained  liy  individuals  endowed  with  mental  gifts 
and  moral  worth,  and  who  study  for  success  with  honest  zeal  and 
manly  purpose,  never  wavering  in  fidelity  to  the  Testament,  the  Con- 
stitution, or  the  common  weal.  The  political  creed  of  the  American 
citizen  is :  Allegiance  to  God,  the  sole  sovereign  in  nature,  and  of 
whom  an  earthly  sovereign  is  a  poor  counterfeit,  a  mite  in  matter; 
faith  in  Ciirist,  but  not  in  crowns;  duty  to  self  with  minimum  selfish- 
ness; fidelity  to  the  liejuiblic,  wliieli  is  a  panoply  over  Ndrth  Amer- 
ica studded  with  States  that  glow  in  the  political  firmament  like  stars 
in  the  azure  arch  beiieatli  the  spirit  world  of  heaven  overhead. 


CIIATTKK     IV 


TliK  li!\>iii  (if  Luke  Winiiijic'i;  is  dniincil  Iiy  i'i\crs  wliidi  flow  ddwii 
IVdiii  till'  west,  soiilh  Mild  (list,  iiicliiilin^'  llif  lied  \{\\rv  nf  tlic  N'lrlli. 
tli.'it  >])i-c;ids  its  siiiir<'c>  ;iiid  ;illliifiits  over  larL'c  liortimis  of  Miniicsot;! 
and  Diiivota.  tlicre  interlocking  on  low  watcr-slicds  with  trilmtarirs  of 
the  Missouri  and  the  Mississi]i)ii  :  and  also  iiicliidin:.'  tho  Saskat(dic- 
wan.  whose  licamvalcrs  arc  anionjf  the  I'nuiitaiiis  of  the  ( "olunihia  Kivrr 
in  liic  liocky  Mountains. 

The  area  of  liakc  \Viniii|tog  liasiii  is  :5(i<),0()(»  S(|tiar(!  inilos,  c-ij^ht 
tinns  tin-  size  of  the  Stat'-  (d'  Ni'w  York,  and  seventy  j)er  cent,  larger 
than  the  Itusin  of  the  Ohio  Kiver  from  its  source  in  Pennsylvania  to 
where  ii  disendjo^ues  in  tiie  Mississippi  River  at  Cairo  iu  Illinois,  a 
distance  of   llltl")  miles. 

moreover,  contains    the   cultivahle   l>ritish 


akc 


\\ 


inmiici:    nasin 


tcrritoiv.  avaihdile   for  aLrriciihiirc,  hctweeii  the  watersheil  near  Lake 


Suj 


ici'ior  a 


ml  the  Koekv  Mountains.      To  he  sure,  the  fur  trader  mav 


penitiiite    hirtlier   iioi'lh    into    tiie  wah'iis    rci:ion — wincli  ought  to   he 

\\'iiln(s/ii.   or    ri'imU'cr    reservation — hnt  the 


caiicii 


tlic   iiroNiiice    ol 


aniier  will  no 


t  accompany  him  with  his  ph)iigh.  for  fro/en  ground 


IS 


not,  araldc  win  re   the   >uii  in   >iimnier  oiilv   thaws   the  surface  of  the 


earili  and  r  loi-a  |iiiv>  short  visit-  to  licr  wi 


Id  11 


oWir: 


111  the  early  days  (d'  .Vincricaii  discovery,  France  colonized  a  strip 
of  tcrritiiry  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  via  the  lakes  and 
the  Oliio  to  the  mouth  of  the  .Mississippi.  And  France  first  estah- 
lishetl  forts  on  the  inland  sea  afterwards  called  llmlsoii  J>ay  ;  hut  the 
fortune  of  war  dcjirived  France  of  ('anada.  and  >uhsequently  France 
soM  Louisiana  to  the  Inilcil  States,  therchy  preventing  its  jxissihle 
coiiijUcst  and  occupation  hy  a  rival  I'hnopean  power,  and  assuring  to 
its  inhahitants  a  destiny  identical  with  the  Mississippi  valley  States. 
In  this  tran>action.  which  occuri'ed  in  lS<l-i,  Xapoleor  then  Consul 
for  life,  exhihited  hoth  foresight  and  wisihmi  :  for,  had  F'rance  heen 
dispossessed  of  liotiisiana  hy  the  compieror  of  Camilla,  the  trespass 
would  have  irritated  the  American  people  and  provoked  a  war.  hecause 
self-preservation,  to  say  nothing  of  "manifest  destiny."'  made  it  (dear 


that  the  whole  of  the  Mississippi  ha- 


111  sliiiiihl 


lie  in  and  of  the  I 


iKlrew  Jackson 


nil  Ml. 
Jan- 


The  hattle  cd"  New  Orleans,  fought  hy  (ieneral  A 
nary  S,  is],",,  is  a  n-cord  of  what  the  West  v  ill  do  to  keep  the  Missis- 
sippi basin  intact  and  tight,  to  hold  together  tlu'  States  within  it  for 
mutual  protection  ami  a  coiiiiiion  aim,  these  love-hound  States  nicun- 
tinie  .--ei'Viiig  as  political  models  for  imilaiion  liy  colonies  >ubjeclcd  to 
foreign  jurisdiction  and  slower  growth,  , 


•  >•> 


tlic 


Till"  Atucrir.'iii  riti/,011  is  w  new  (.'I'lift  on  fln'  Ciiiiciisijin  tree:  tlic 
Mi'itisli  -iilijcct  is  ;i  triiiisphin;  tii;it  will  imi  lit'iir  r>iiti~li  iViiit  in 
Aiiicric'iii  ,-nil,  I'lif  nativity  in  tlic  Wcinililic  is  iintiuniilil  v.  wlK-roas 
tlic  ('(iloiiial  conilitioii  is  |»i)liiical  iMinila'.'c  :  iMir  can  an  iiiicllij.'('iit. 
iVL'f-nill  native  ol"  iMancc,  Ireland.  Germany.  llMllaml.  Ilalv.  I'.e!- 
^ziniii.  Russia,  Austria.  S\ve(len.  I^en ik  or  Spain  sia\'  in  a  Cana- 
dian province  and  owe  allc^ianci'  to  Kni^land  afaf  olV,  wlien  he  can 
iiioVL'  into  a  noar-by  State  and  heconu'  a,  citizen  oi'  the  American 
Kc'puldic,  where  |Mditical  0(|Uality  dwells,  and  iniini;^riints  can  thrive 
and  be  Inippy  in  their  own  hoiuestciids. 

In  Maintoba  lio  man  can  shut  liis(i|itic  n^r  his  nn'Mtal  eye  to  the 
fact  that  t' e  dUlhiiik  -niith  (jown  the  Mississippi  is  hriirhter  and 
wanner  and  inure  ;.;enial  than  ea.-t  dnwn  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  where 
icebergs  lloat  in  fleets,  i'oj,'-Iiaid;s  envelop  the  coasts,  and  the  iidiabit- 
ants,  i)i  coni|.linu'nt  to  the  clinnite,  are  called  ••bine-noses." 

Manitoba,  therel'ore,  will  ev(dve  out  of  a  province  into  a  Slate,  as 
Texas  did.  and  so  illustrate  the  dociiine  of  evulutioii  a|iplied  to  politi- 
cal institutions,  and  as  demonstrated  in  Loui-iaiia  in  l>n;;.  I-'hirida 
in  l^r.t,  Texas  in  IS-IO,  Califoi'iiia  in  I^4S,  and  Ala>ka  in  IsiiT.  all 
accpiisitions  surpassing  assosnient  or  valuation,  all  evolutions  ,-ince 
the  rcNoIntion  of  the  thirteen  C(donies  into  thirteen  Slates,  ihe  falher- 
lami  of  the  twenty-five  additional  Stales  adniilted  into  the  Tnion, 
east  of  the  Jliuison  River  and  west  of  the  AllcLjiheny  .Mountain. 

As  a  maritime  State  oii  the  lIud~on  15ay  ( .Middle  Seal,  Manil(J)ii 
Avill  not  be  unlike  the  mariliiue  Slate  of  Loui-iana  on  the  dulf  of 
^Mexico ;  for  as  New  ()ilcans  Ims  coniniunicalion  with  Kurope  via 
Florida  Strait,  so  will  the  princijial  eity  id'  Manitolia.  tliroui:-h  a  sea- 
port in  Manitolia  on  Hudson  Day,  or  in  Ontario  on  .lames  Hay.  have 
eoi.iinunieation  with  Kurope  via  Hudson  Strait,  wIkmi  open  to  navii;a- 
tii>n  the  same  as  the  St.  ]jawrence,  after  the  annual  thaw  which  einls 
the  cinlcir^'o  of  inevitable  ice. 

li.  the  or<:anization  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  the  province  of 
Oiiiario  in  1S{',~  had  assigned  to  it  that  poi'iion  of  ('anada  included 
prior  thereto  in  the  province  td'  Ujiper  Canada.  And  L'pper  Canada 
ended  on  the  west  Avhere  the  Hudson  J>ay  Company's  territory  coni- 
uienccd  on  the  east,  to  wit.  at  the  K;nniinstiqna  liiver,  at  the  mouth 
of  which  is  Fort  William.  Thunder  llay.  Lake  Superior.  The  Hud- 
son IJav  Coinjiaiiv.  wiio-e  charter,  granteil  in  liiT'.l,  expired  in  FS.")'.*, 
was  bougln  onl  and  sneceeiled  by  llie  Foiiiinion  of  Canaila.  ]jut 
(Mitario  claimed  thai  its  territory  I'Xtended  to  the  Jvo(d<y  Mountains, 
if  not  to  the  I'acilic  Ocean,  and  a  bi^iindary  commission  wa>;  api>ointed 
to  arbitrate  between  the  i>oniinion  ol'  (.'anada  and  the  l'ro\ineeof 
Ontario.      The  award  oi'  the  arbitrators    is    dated    August  o,   FSTW. 


M 


Tlic  new  iMiuiidarv  cstiilili^ln"!  I'V  the  ciriiiini-^inii  Icnvc-i  Jiiiiics  I'liy 
j,t  ilic  iiiiiiitli  nf  ilir  .\ll..iii_v  lli\(  r,  lliciKc  ii|i  iIm'  -;ii'l  river  nii'l  via 
I,:il<c  St.  .)(is(|ili.  lliciici'  III  the  liciiil\v;itiT>-  u\'  llu'  Mn^'li-li  Itivci'.  ;iih1 
tliriicc  wc^tii'lv  Ion  iii('riiliiiii;il  line  i!r;i\vii  IVntn  ilic  iii.i,>t  luirtliwcstcrly 

aiiL'li'  "T  iIk'    Lake  of  llir   W I>.  ami    lliciicr   soiilli    to   tlic   national 

homidarv.  Tlii>  (lcci>ioii  ciiH  into  Maiiitolia  ami  cMcnils  Oniafio 
about  two  hiiu'lrcil  miles  west  of  its  oriLriiial  limitation.  What  use 
Ontario  will  make  of  its  aci|iiisition  time  will  unfoM.  Manitolia. 
however,  will  veiv  soon  enjoy  iinhfoken  rail  communication  oetween 
Wiiini])c^'  and  St.  I'aiil  via  8t.  N'ineent,  opposite  I'einliina.  And  the 
cNclusion  id' Manitoba  IVnin  its  fronta^i^'e  on  linke  Supefiorat  'I'Imnder 
])a_v,  anil  thence  to  l.*i;.'eon  Wivor  at  the  Minnesota  line,  will  tend  to 
ideiilifv  Manitolia  more  and  more  with  Minnesota  ami  the  Missis>ippi 
vallcv.  Not  an  inch  of  Manitolia  territory  is  left  in  the  Iiasin  of 
Lake  Sii|!erior;  imt,  on  the  contrary,  ()nlari<i'^  new  Iionndary  line 
run>  alonu'  the  we-t  side  i<\'  llie  watershed  lietween  Lake  Superior  and 
Winiii]iei:-.  eiinipleli'ly  insuli.tiiiLi.'  Manitolia  from   hake  Superior. 

The  State  of  i'ennsylvaiiia  was  not  content    to  conlinue  insulated 
from    Lake   Kric,  :iml   purchased  territory  on    liako    Krie  whereby  it 
iUMiuircil  a  lake    harbor   at    Ki'ie    City.      Manitoba-  had  territory  jinil 
harbors  on  Lake  Superior,  but  Manitoba  has  Ih'cu   this  present  year 
(Icprivi'd  of  its  Laki'  Superior  frontier,  to  aj:irraiHli/.i'  Ontario  I     True, 
^Linitobu  still  .las  Duluili  in  Minnesota  for  an  oiijective  ]ioiiit  on  Lake 
Superior,   instead  u.   a  landinj.;   place  on    Thunder    J>ay    in    Ontario. 
Nevertheless,  it  was  unkind   to  drive  ^Lmitoba  out  of  the   St.  Law- 
rence basin,  whi(  h  inclmhs  Lake  Superior  and  its  aillueiits,  to  extend 
Ontario   into  the   Winnipej.'   basin,  even   to  the  •' iiio>l    iioi'thwcsterly 
iingle  oi'  the  Lake  of  ihe  Woods,"  coveriiiii;  a  lar;;e  ai'ea  of  land,  and 
lakes,  and  rivers,  which  ei)nsiilule  jiortions  of  the  W inn i|)e<^  system  of 
water  iiiiviiration.      In   this  diplomatic   adjustment  (jf  boundary  line 
Manitoba  is  the  surterer ;   and  if  Manit(d)a  was  previously  distrusted 
at  Ottawa,  and  therefore  in  jirecaution  ai:ainst  possible  future  move- 
ments in  the  West,  which  returns  its  rainfall  to  the  sea  throujxh  the 
Mississippi  ami  Nelson  Uivers,  the  J'rovince  of  Ontario  was  exteiuletl 
over  portages,  rivei's  and  lakes  to  the  Winnipc;!:;  Liver,  the  loyalty  of 
ALuiitoba  to  Ottawa  ami  royalty  will  hardly  be  incrca-u'd  liy  its  sever- 
ance  and    expnl>ion  from    iho  St.    Lawience  ba.-in,   between   I'iiicon 
Iviver   and   Thunder    Lay;     for   now    Manitoba,    cut   olV    from    liake 
Superior  by  the  new  frontier  of  Ontario,  is  in  com|ilete  idi'ntilicatiou 
with    >Lnnesota,  which  has  a  Mi--issippi    Liver  harbor  at  St.  Paul, 
a  Lake  >uperior  harhor  a     Oiiiiith.  and  railways  iii  all  diii'etions. 

^Lchigan  and   \\  i>consiii  as  well  a>  Minnesota  may  look  to  .lames 
Lav  for  an  adilitioiial   outlet  to  the  (jcean  :   and  if  Ontario  demur  to 


•  »•> 


rifflit  III'  \v;iy  IVditi   tlic  iDrili   -liorc  (if  Luke  Siipci'lnr  t^  Jmiios  Hny, 

Olltliriit    (•JlllllMl    i'\|ircl    Id   nijny    lilllilllil  cd    flirilitli'^    III    Mi(  liiirmi.    t<» 

rcacli  ( 'lii(';i;.'().  Arc  not  I  >(»iiiiiiiiiii  intercuts  prniiiutcil  Ky  the  iVrry 
iicrnss  Tiiiki-  Micliii:;;iii.  Iictwccn  .Mil\v;iiikcc  iiml  <!r;iiii|  Ilnvcii.  ],\  tlir 
It'iTy  ;icrn-s  hi'tinit  llivcr.  liriwiM'ii  hctinit  ami  WiniNnr.  and  liy  llic 
I'crry  across  tlic  Strait  nt'St.  ('lair.  Iictwcfii  I'uit  lliirnii  iiud  Saniia  ? 
Ami  wlicii  neocssitv  nr  (•(invcnifiicc  .-hall  rciiiiiic  IVrrv  accuniinoilii- 
tioiis  hi'tuccii  the  south  shoi'i'  of  liiikc  SiiiH'i'ior,  occii|)ic(|  jointly  hy 
MichiuMii  and  Wiscoiisin,  and  the  nni'th  shore,  all  in  Ontario,  to 
facilitate  eoininiinieation  with  .lames  I'ay,  and  with  Miirope  via 
lliidson  Strait,  will  Untario  or  tli<'  hominion  i^rant  the  neee-.-ary 
K';^islation  lor  a  lake  ferry  and  a  porla^i;  railway,  or  Nciitiire  to  with- 
hoM  it  ? 

(ireat  15ritaiii  i<  not  satisfied  with  tli(M)|ieii  sea  I'oiite  to  Imlia  via 
tile  Cape  of  (lood  Hope,  hut  fusses  and  hliisters  alioiit  the  Sue/ 
Canal,  as  if  anyliody  intt'iided  to  shut  it  ;  and  ahoiit  the  Muplirates 
valley,  as  if  anyliody  not  Kritish  intended  lo  build  a  railroad  in  it, 
when  there  is  hctter  ^n'oiind  for  a  shorter  rniite  to  India,  from  Paris, 
JJerlin.  and  St.  I'etei'shiii ■_'.  north  ol"  the  IJIaek  Sea  I 

The  West,  which  eom]iriM'-  the  liasin  of  the  Mississippi  River  and 
the  biisiiis  of  the  lakes  west  cd"  Nia;j,ara  Kails,  will  also  eoniprise  the 
basin  of  Nelson  JJiver;  and  then  the  West  will  cover  and  incdude  all 
the  territory  between  the  salt  waters  in  the  (Julf  of  Mexico  and  Hud- 
son l>ay,  and  IVoin  the  AllcLi'heiiy  'Mountain,  where  the  Atlantic 
slope  ends,  to  the  llmky  Muuitains,  where  the  Pacific  slojie  beL:;iiis. 
There  is  only  om-  \Vest  in  North  America,  and  that  has  mountain 
Avatersliods  on  the  east  and  west  parallel  with  the  two  oceans,  and 
reservoirs  of  seawatei- on  the  noi-tli  and  soinh. 

Hudson  J>ay  will  be  made  avi'ilable  for  a  di>iributin;.'  ba-in  in 
summer  time.  Compared  with  Hud.-on  Stiaii  the  St.  Lawrence  route 
tlirouiih  (^•iiebee  and  Ontario  is  a  siniioiis  way  to  the  sea.  IVoiii  the 
wdieat  btdt  in  the  \Vest,  to  wliiidi  I'liiLdaiid  is  indebted  for  much  of  its 
bread,  as  it  is  likewise  indebted  to  the  I'nion  for  meat  to  eat  and 
cotton  to  wear,  lireat  IJritain,  with  its  entailed  estates  aiid  areas  of 
cultivable  laml  reserveil  from  cultivation,  and  its  titled  aristocracy  to 
support  in  luxury,  is  a  heavy  buyer  of  breadstufls. 

Aiuoiit'  the  nations  wlure  <ioveriinieii'  is  wise  and  doniesnc  poliev 
is  far-si  edited,  it  is  the  aim  of  each  to  manl|>iilare  its  own  ores  and 
fibrous  ])rodiicti()n>  into  iiianui'actiires  for  eon-iiniption  ami  exjiorta- 
tion,  a  disei'iniinatini:  practice  wliiidi  will  tend  to  modify  foreign  com- 
merce into   interirade  in   surplus  eominoilities  ;    for  a  nation  will  not 

continue  to  iiav  out  for  laboi-,  in  another  land,   nionev  wliich  mav  be 
if  •  * 

distributed  for  labor  at   home.      The  machine-man  is  on  his  travels, 


.;«• 


ItiiHV  !it  cNcrv  WiiiM-  K:iir.  ;iii'l  tin-  (li->trlliii»i"ii  ><\'  liilior  on  ;i  tn'\v 
ItJi^i"*.  lint  Uiiti,«.|i.  is  lii.>*  ^.Tiiinl  iiii'sioii. 

Tlic  «iiii:iiiiil  thiiti'fii  Stiitcs  wliii'li  cut  flif  cMlonial  kiii>t  to  tfi'Diitinft' 

!llli'L.'i;iliri'  111  (Ifc;it  l!|il;iiti.  ill.il  \\llirli.  iit'tcr  uilillili;.'  with  tlic  swnfil 
tlif     title    nf   ••  iVi  (     Mini     ilii|c|ic||i|clil     St;ili'<."    <  .t:ilili-.ln'<l    tllf     I'llinri 

iitMlcr  :t  ( 'Miisiiliitinii  I'lMiiKil  uitli  r.'ii'c  ui'-ilmn  aii'l  |i|-n]ilifti('  ailiiptti- 
tioii  t'l  liiiiii;iii  \\aiil>,  wci'c  !ill  ill  ;i  tmw  alniii:  tin-  Allaiitif  coa.st.  cii.^t 
of  Fioritlii.  iiricrwiinl-i  !ici|iiiri  !  tVniii  Spain.  Now.  tlie  I'liioii  lius  :iii 
nccaii  liniiiKJiii-v  \Vf>f  iis  well  as  cast,  and  a  ;:iilf'  Itoflcr  on  its  south 
side:  liiit  ilic  I'liinn  also  ncci|>  Hudson  May,  /.#..  Middle  Sea.  for  an 
Atlantic  dock,  to  facilitate  and  clica|icii  intereoiir-c  and  intertradc 
lictwcon  I'liiroiie  and  the  .Missis>i|)|ii.  the  Jlocky  Mountains  and  the 
rncific  States.  Manitoh.a  and  llriti^h  ('nliiiiihia.  as  Slate- <d"  the  I'liiMn. 
likewise  inclusive.  'I'licii.  the  I  nioii  will  have  two  .sfiis  for  hoiindary 
ilocdis.  and  axis  cii'l>  midway  lictuceii  its  two  ncraii  -hoivs  ;  and  tVnin 
its  two  ]ii'iiici|ial  iidaml  cities.  ('hica;in  and  St.  I^cniis.  marts  nf  rapiil 
and  vi!.'or()iis  ^'I'owth,  -ti'ai^dit  line-  drawn  to  ihe  four  carilinal  |ioints 
will  all  intcr-ect  tide\\atir«i.  H|](n  In  fiTc  naviL'ation  aiouiid  the  woihj. 

When  head  wiiid>  dchiyrd  the  niariiier,  and  Idcw  his  ship  olV  its 
ciiinsc,  loiiii'  VdVau'i'-*.  as  livini:'  iicixHis  can  te>tifv,  were  tnlicius  under- 
fakiii;:-:  liiil.  iinwadays.  the  slcani.-hi|i  runs  to  .-chnlule  linie.  on  paths 
acro.->  ilic  water-,  as  the  hicdniniive  i'!i;iiiie  run-  to  schedule  on  rail- 
ways ()\erland,  whci'ehy  the  linie-lahle  and  the  tiliie-piece  re;L.'ul;ite  tlu; 
alVairs  of  torciu^i  trade  conducted  under  treatie-;  and  -o.  in  a  prac- 
tical dollar  scti.-e.  apart  fVoin  ihcinorc  clevatiiii:  intellectualities  and 
suhliincr  divinities  i<['  llic  ihciiie.  ihe  inierirade  niuveiiieiit  i-  hut  an 
iiitcnialioiial  show  hc'il  in  a  siniilc  .-jiot,  as  in  l''airinuunt  Park.  IMiila- 
ilclphia.  in  l^Tl!.  ni;iLrni(ird  and  expanded  to  ihc  true  a'. 'a-  of  the 
nations  and  tiie  true  i|uantitie>  and  value-  of  the  import  and  export 
trade  ovt'i'  the  whole  eai'lh. 

And  the  nations  that  were  >e]iaiatcd  hy  dist;iiices  in  miles,  hcsot 
with  difficMiltiis  which  delayed  tran.-portation  and  increased  its  cost, 
can.  in  the.-e  times,  advanced  into  the  inieiinr  of  civilization,  deliver 
tlie  commodities  of  inlei'trade  hy  sure,  -w  ift  and  cheap  conveyaiict', 
on  contracts  and  messages  passed  throu;_di  -iilimarinf  cahles  ami  over- 
land wires  that  ''put  a,  girdle  round  ahout  the  earth"  in  con.-idcrahly 
less  than  Puck's  minimum  of  "' i'orty  minutes." 

Although  ihe  fortune  of  war  ih'pi'ivcd  (iicat  Pritain  of  thii'teeii 
colnnios.  which  hecanii'  thiriccn  Stair-,  enntaining  •I1'^.'"*T-  >i|uai'e 
mile-  of  Mirface,  since  cxpandnl  ihi,,  ihiiiv -right  States  an  1  eleven 
Territoiies,  Great  i'.iilain  pl.iiis  and  'mild-  railw.-iys  to  keep  'he  pro- 
vinces of  the  Dominion  t'lgL'ilier  with  iron  liand-.  as  the  staves  (d' a 
harrel  are  hehl  together  with  iron   honps  :   and  to  make  a  spread  of 


U7 


l<\V 


iMiipii'c  nil   p;i|itr.  <ii'(>;if    iJi'itaili    cliiiiiis  Jiiri.«'ili<'finii    iindiTiicitli    tlic 

AlllMiM    ItuCcalls  rV.Mi   tn   tin'  Nmlll    I'mIc.   iHif   Vft    Vi"*ili"l. 

Will.  ii»  l-'raiMM- >till  I'l'iaiic.  St.  I'iiiri- nnil  .Mi(|iiili.ii  I-ilainls.  inar 
Ni'wriiimillaiiil.  iiof\vifli-.|:iii(liti;_f  that  ( 'atiaila  \va>  niiiliriiir(|  tn  (Jrcat 
Uritaiii  'ly  ircaty,  xiifui'.l  in  I't!-"!,  so  (Irrat  ISi-ilain  iniL'lit  retain  tin- 
<,>Mccii  <'|iarli.Mr  I-lan'U.  in  tin'  I'ai'iDc  Ocean,  nniiii  <A'  N'aneniiver 
Islantl.  at'lir  the  leiii|H)ran-  hi)iinihir_v  t'enee  IVnni  Lake  Siiperi'ir  \>t 
the  I'aeilie  ()eean.an<i  IVuiii  .">  |  4'*'  tn  I  )eliiarl\aliiin  I'oii  in  Meaill'ni't 
l»ay,  sliali  have  heeii  inMilitie.l  ihtn  a  pai'tition  with  ••oMiiiiiinicaliu'.' 
(h)(»r,s  hetwccii  coinpaitiiienls.  for  .\hi»l<a  the  Kn-sian-hnni  Territniy, 
iiml  its  nei;Lrlihnrs  aUn  a'hipteil  ihtn  tlic  I'liinu  raiiiily, 

i\s  KiHtern  Te\a>  ha>  jjin-pere.!  on  eoiton.-jo  may  Southern  Mani- 
tnha  pro-pi  r  on  nheiii;  Imt  the  t|e\ ehi|inient  of  Texas  sMi'ceeih'il  its 
admission  into  the  I  nion.  and  .Manitnha  niii>t  a»k  lo  enine  m,  and  ;j;et 
ill  like  Texa-i  did.  het'.u'e  it  can  attract  iiinni;.'i'atioii  a-  Minnc-Mta  and 
|)al<ota  do,  ahiii'.'<ide  Manitoha.  hut  in>ide  the  I'ninn. 

Serliid<.  on  |{ed  llivcr.  where  the  ("anadii  Pacille  Kailuav  crosses 
and  the  reniliiiiM  hranch  iie^^ins.  Moorhead.  nn  lied  Kivei'.  where  the 
Moflhein  j'arilie  llaili'oad  cro->es.  (  Iniaha,  nn  tlie  Ali'-niiri  liiver. 
where  the  IniMn  I'aeilie  lladrnad  teidinically  eiid>,  and  <  ial\  e^tun.  the 
principal  seapmi  nl' Texa-.  distiii<riiisheil  I'nr  iis  export  (d'eitton  h;ih's. 
are  all  on  or  near  the  >aine  de;ri'<'e  of  lon;:itiide.  ()niaha.  too.  is  mid- 
way hetweeii  the  iiiniith  nf  >iel>nii  |{iver,  ill  IIikNoii  J>ay,  and  the 
nioiilh  (d'  the  liio  (Iraiide.  in  the  (iiilf  nf  Mexico.  And  the  distance 
i'loni  ( >iiialia  to  San  l'"ianei.-eo  is  >horter  than  (he  distance  IVniii 
Onialia  to  Halifax. 

I''rnni  Port  .Mnoily.  the  terniinii-  (d'ihe  Canada  I'aeilM'  l!aihvay,  'ii 
lliirrard  Inlet,  month  of  Kra/.cr  liivcr.  to  l'<jrt  Xelson.  llmUnn  Hay, 
the  distance  is  she/ter  than  from  Port  Nelson  tn  Halifax.  And  as  a 
liarhor  can  lie  pmvided  nn  a  ri\ei'  ein|i'yiiiL'  inin  llui|-nn  I'.ay.  if  imt 
on  the  Nelxin.  certainly  nn  the  t'hiirclnll  Kiver.  then  the  innd<dMiL' 
jinrtati'i'  raihvav  heiweeii  the  l'a<'itic  waters  in  nr  neai'  l-'ra/er  Ilivc' 
ami  a  river  ]inrt  west  nf  and  acees-,ihle  fmm  liiid^nii  Hay  will,  ni' 
course,  he  short eiied  c.i  re<poiidin;:ly. 

Consider  a  route  from  Kurope  to  San  I'raneiseo.  the  Pacific  Stat<'S, 
and  Asia,  via  Hudson  Strait  and  .Juan  de  Fiica  Strait,  with  a  porlaij;e 
railway  hetweeii  Fra/.er  liiver  and  Hudson  Piay.  versu<  ihe  Canada 
i'aeific  llaihvay  via  (Jttawa  to  seawater  and  winter  \vv  in  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

The  lliid-on  P.ay  Company  thrnn--hnnt  its  long  career  sent  its  ships 
into  IJ.iidson  l>ay.  and  e-tahlidn'd  numerous  forts  and  iur  factories  on 
its  shores.  As  to  falls  and  cataracts  in  Manitoha,  recall  the  condition 
of  the  St.  Lawri'iicc  route  hetweeii  Port  Culhounieand  Montreal  hefore 


till-  \V(H;ii;(l  ;iuil  St.  liMwrciicc   (':iii;iis  prdviilcil  artilici;!!   iiuvi^Mtidii 
from  \r.\kv  Kric  inid  ],;i\<r  Ontario  to  tiilcwalcr  in  Canadii. 

Hut  wliatrvi'i'  artilicial  wn'ks  iiiav  lie  iiccilcil  (niiflir  to  li(>  ]iroviilt'il, 
to  iinprnvf  a  livcr  ciniitviiii:;  into  lluilson  l>a_v.  to  I'acilitato  tlic  ti'an- 
sliil>nic'nt  oi' cnTiininiliiit's  to  ami  from  Iliidson  Uay.  'wliirli.  in  verity, 
is  a  sea,  and  the  Pacific  coast  and  intermediate  points;  and  also  to 
iiiinrove  a  river  emiitvintr  into  -lames  IJav,  or  a  liarl)f)r  on  Jainos  JJav, 
to  facilitate  tlie  transhipment  of  commodities  carried  to  and  from  the 
sea  in  dames  Uav  and  the  .Mis>issi|i|ii  valley  States;  for  whei'e  IVeiii-ht 
is  bulky  and  weiirhty  it  is  a  consideration  to  shorten  overland  distance 
t(i  tidewatei'  navij^alion,  hceau-ic  once  on  tidewater  the  way  is  open  to 
destinations  along  the  coa>t  and  across  the  ocean,  hy  the  cheapest 
known  mode  of  transportation. 

Mt'ditatc  the  tannage  hetween  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  other  lake 
ports  and  New  York  city,  via  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  Hudson  Kiver 
tideway.  Then  cduiit  the  meshes  and  the  miles  in  the  iii'twork  of  iron 
track  iVem  the  Atlantic  and  (iulf  jiirls  from  (Jalveston  to  Portland, 
inland  and  nver  the  interior  to  cities  on  the  lakes.  IVoui  Oswt'go  to 
Duluth.  Lastly,  exti'ml  this  connected  network,  most  (d'  it  of  the 
stanthird  4  t'eet  N.l  inches  ;:au^c.  northward  to  James  JJav  and  llud- 
son  Pay.  and  wcstwanl  to  the  Pacific  ()ccan.  Assuredly  from  Mani- 
toba the  outlook  is  broader  and  brighter  southward  and  westward, 
than  eastward  via  the  ('anada  Pacific  Kailway,  considered  as  a  route 
to  Montreal  in  siinnuer.  and  to  Halifax  in  winter,  not  to  be  inter- 
sected in  .NJaiiitoba  by  ci'oss-cut  railway  portages  to  Hudson  Sea  and 
James  Pay  I 

The  Canada  (irand  Trunk  Kailway.  a  rate-cutting  com})etitor  lor 
Poston  and  Chicago  traflic,  in  JSTT  received  [ter  ton  per  mile,  for 
freight  carried,  tlu'  avi'rage  of  only  eight  mills,  or  eight-tenths  of  one 
cent;  and  the  travel  over  the  Canada  (irand  'I'runk.  in  ISTT.  averaged 
only  fifty-eight  passengers  per  train.  Why?  JJecause  its  revenue 
(profit  unconsidered)  W(uild  be  still  less  than  it  is  if  its  operaticis  were 
restricted  to  the  Dominion  and  Maine,  and  it  had  no  ally  in  \'ermont 
and  Massachusetts. 

And  so,  Manitoba,  to  prosper,  must  intertrade  smith  as  well  as 
Ave.'t;  foi'  with  the  eastern  jirovinces  of  the  J)ominioii  it  will  have 
less  intercourse  and  lighter  intertrade  than  with  the  Western  Slates 
of  tlie  Union,  when  its  near-by  Itays,  on  which  it  abuts,  shall  have 
been  made  available  for  connnunication,  via  salt  water,  with  the  com- 
mercial world,  in  suuimer  time. 


t3t 


;;:• 


inn 


rilAPTKll    V. 

TllM  tronty  with  (Jrcit  liritiiiii.  -iiiicil  at  Wiisliiiio;t(Ui  M:\y  S.  isTl, 
for  ai'liiiviitidii  nf  ihc  Alahatiia  Claims.  Fislioi'v  (^icstinii,  tlic  San 
Juan  lioiindarv.  \c'..  a  treaty  in  the  ncirntiation  of  which  Hamilton 
Fish.  Sccri'tary  of  State,  was  wci^ln'il,  iiicastircil.  ami  ontwilte'l  hy 
]iis  (liphiinatic  advcrsafy.  and  out  of  which  urave  mistake  of  I'resideiit 
(Jrant  s  administration  in  t'orfeitiiiij;  a  •'u'olden  o|i]iortiinit v  "  has 
^vowu  a  i^rievanee  on  the  Fishery  (.hiestion  to  he  re(h'essed  hereal'ter, 
provides  that  : 

''The  naviLration  nl'  tln^  rivei->  Yukon.  J'oi-cu])ine.  and  Stikine, 
from,  to  and  into  the  sea,  shall  forever  I'emain  iVei'  and  o])en  for  the 
juirj)  )ses  of  eoiiinieree.  to  the  <ul>jects  of  her  liritannic  .Maje>ty  and 
to  tlie  citizens  of  the  I'liiliMl  States." 

Tile  l'orcii|iine  llivcr  is  a  hraiich  "f  the  Yukon  River,  which 
ompties  into  the  lU'liriiiir  Sea  iu)rth  of  the  Aleutian  ]ienin>ula.  and 
the  Slikine  liivei- empties  into  the  I'acilic  (>ceaii  in  tlie  vicinity  of 
Sitka. 

Wiicn  llannlton  l*'ish.  Secretary  of  State,  in  1^71,  made  the  rivers 
ol' Alaska  "free  and  open"  to  llriti-^h  siihjects.  why  ;lid  he  not  -tipii- 
late  that  l"'razer  Idver  in  Uritish  ("ojiim'iia.  and  the  i»ed  llivi'r  id' the 
Js'orth.  and  Lake  WinnipcLi;  and  the  rivei-s  to  it  friun  the  wcsi.  and  the 
river  from  it  to  limlsiui  Day,  should  lie  ••  frei-  and  open'  to  citizens 
of  the  Fnited  Stare<  '.' 

The  omission  <>{'  the  linl  IJiver  of  the  North,  which  is  four  parts 
in  Minnesota  to  one  ]iarl  in  Manitoha.  is  extraoi'dinary  ;  and  to  sii])- 
])ose  a  hlundcr  cipiivalent  to  it.  one  mu<t  imaLriiie  Au-tria.  which  pours 
its  waters  into  the  !>anulie.  i'ar  aliove  it,-  mouths,  omiltcit  from  treaties 
reirnlatiiii:  its  navi^'ation  to  the  iJiack  Sea! 

Hudson  ]}av  is  Middle  Sea.  and  Minncso'a  and  ])akota  >tand  to  it, 
via.  the  IJeil  liivi-r  id'  the  Niu'th.  which  empties  into  it  under  anotlnn' 
mime  tiiat  does  not  chaiiLre  its  nature  or  its  ciuirse,  as  Au-ti'ia  ami 
Servia  stand  lo  tiic  itiack  Sea  via  the  hanuhe,  which  ha-  diil'erciit 
names  I'or  its  several  luoiilhs. 

I're.-ideiit  (iraiit'<  admini-trafion  had  a  national  irrievaiice  proved 
aixainst  (ireat  liritain.  and  reparation  or  war  was  the  al.crnaiive:  and 
yet  Secretary  Fish,  in  a  neirolialion  to  pre^crihe  the  measure  and 
method  of  satisfaction  -keep  this  in  mind — -permitted  the  insidious 
aiul  ever-scheminu;  enemy  of  his  country  ithal  aided  relieliion  in  umh'r- 
hand  wa\s  and  promoted  piracy  with  Fnii-lish-huilt  Alahamas.  till 
American  ships  were  almo-t  swept  from  the  seas  and  <  ireat  iJrilain 
heeame  tlu'  mono|ioli-l  of  the  ocean-carryini:-  t-elel  to  arhitrate,  that 
is,  to  liipiidate  an  injury  to  l\\r  I'liitcd  Slates  wiiich  continues  to  inure 


to 

to  tlio  julvantajzo  of  (Jroat  I5ritai!i  tlirouL'li  its  (jcoaii  sliips.  witli  a 
iiKiiicv  ooiisi'lcfatidii  to  lie  a-CL'rtaiiicil  l»y  a  throw  of  dice  <ir  sliiilllc  of 
cards — for  what  is  arhitratioii  hut  a  >j:nne  of  eliancc,  es|)oeially  where 
a  majority  of  flie  coimiiissioiiers  owe  their  iioiiiiii;itioii  to  forei<^ii 
powers  V 

True,  tlie  San  Juan  Ishiiid  arhitriitiou  resiilfcd  in  favor  of  tlie 
United  States  by  the  decision  of  Frederick  Willinni  I.,  Kniperor  of 
(Icrniany.  Octoher  21.  IsTl'.  Uut  the  Uritish  claim  to  the  i>hind  of 
Sail  -hiMii  under  a  force<l  intcrprctatioii  id"  tlie  treaty  (d'  June  !•),  1S4(I, 
was  iin  ;.ct  of  PuMti^li  finesse  and  atteiu|)led  hluff.  to  which  the  Httin,i; 
auswc,'  would  have  heen  a  notice  tl  ;it.  nfter  a  date  ^L^ven,  Joint  mili- 
tary occupation  should  cease,  and  that  thereafter  the  army  of  the 
I  nited  States  would  occu])y  San  Juan  Island. 

How  the  Ih'itisli  intri^iTued  at  ilerlin  in  1<'->Tl.'.  and  how  Emperor 
"William  was  beset  to  decide  in  favoi'  of  (ireat  ilrilani,  is  matter  of 
history.  And  it  is  to  the  impartiality  of  Emperor  \\  illiaiu  of  (Jer- 
rnany,  not  to  the  diplomacy  (d'  ITamilton  Fish,  that  the  jieoplc  of  the 
Uniteil  States  are  indebted  for  the  possession  of  the  strateLi;ic  island 
(d'  San  Juiin,  ac((uircd  by  treaty  dated  Jinie  1."),  lS4ti,  imperilled  by 
arbitration  authorized  by  treaty  dated  May  >>.  ISTl. 

TIk'  Halifax  Fishery  award,  however,  of  S.')..')0o  (jOO.  made  Novem- 
lier  --.  InTT.  by  Maurice  HeUbsse.  Jb'lu'ian  Minister  at  \Vashinii;ton, 
and  AlexaiiiU'r  'V.  (ialt.  a)ipointee  of  her  Uritannic  Majesty,  for  fish- 
ing priviliLi'cs  only  worth  a  license  t(^  fish,  not  a  ransom  for  fish  cauiiht 
in  the  saltwater  hiirhway — as  brigands  ransom  touii.~ts  ca])turcd  on 
the  stage-travidled  highways  in  Italy  and  (ireece — will  doubtless  put  a 
([uietu>  on  the  international  ai'bitration  humbiiif,  as  betwe(;n  Ameritta 
;'nd  Euro]ie.  Ensign  II.  i\ellogg  was  Commissioner  for  the  L'nited 
Slater,  outvoted  at  Halifa.x. 

The  Congress  of  \ienna,  181-J— l.j,  distributed  European  territory 
and  populati(»n.  and  exercised  other  powers,  with  as  little  remorse  ami 
not  more  penitence  than  a  banditti  distributes  its  spoils,  made  up  of 
the  proceeds  of  rapine  on  Oie  highway  and  hearthstone. 

France  was  jirostrated  and  exhausted,  a  liouibon  Mas  on  its  thi'ono, 
and  Najioleon  had  mv\  his  fate  at  Waterloo;  so  there  was  no  military 
Satan  abidad  to  make  Fuiope  afraid:  Imt  that  very  fact,  for  which 
diplonnicy  should  have  been  i!  nnkful.  mule  dynastic  parties  greedy, 
covetous  and  cruel.  The  \'ieiina  "ongress  served  the  devil  best,  ami 
set  portions  of  I'liiiopi'  back  lUot  including  Austria  and  England)  a 
period  oi'  time  eijiiivalent  to  two  generations  of  men.  And  diplonnicy 
did  that  fell  work  when  war  was  at  an  eiel. 

Turii.  too.  to  the  I^Tn  ('oiigrrss  of  Heilin.  The  mfule!  Turk  in- 
vaded <'liri-tian  Kuiope  and  captuii'd  Adiianopic  in   lillll,  Constanti- 


II 


iioplc  ill  14.):^  Tufkisli  iiili'  in  Kip(i|i('  l-as  Iiceii  nii  (iiiti'MLic  <iii 
ImiiKUiitv.  cliri.-tiiiiii/.cil.  lln'oiiLrii  ••ciitMi-ics  of  time  :  .-it  in("_''iil:ir  intc;- 
v;ils  the  l>:irli;ii'iti('s  iiillictcd  on  ili"  ( 'liristiiin  ,-nliii  rt>  of  tiic  I'di'tc 
liavc  niiiiji'  tlicii-  rdiow-* 'liristian>  .-liinldiT  in  all  lands.  And  wliat- 
cvcr  was  done  to  make  Tuikrv  Vilax  licr  L'l'asp  on  the  ( 'liristian's 
liirlits  in  Kiiro|.L',  is  ..laiiily  due  to  I{u~-ia.  l>iit  lor  I\ussi;i  the  allci- 
nati\<'  would  have  iiccn   NlaUii-ni  i<v  ina-saci'c  ionir  au'o. 

Al'tci'  such  atrocities  as  had  never  lieeii  surpa.-sed  anywhere  ( not 
even  hy  the  llritish  in  India,  when,  un  the  siiiiiu-cssion  of  the  mutiny 
ot"  lS')7.  human  hodies  were  di>chai'L''ed  from  ihe  cannons  mouth), 
Ikussia.  the  chiei'  cliaiuiiinn  iti  tin-  Clu'istian  pnjuilations  in  the  Pro- 
vinces (d'  Turkey,  declared  wai'  ai'iiiii  t  'I'urkev  on  the  :.'4th  of  April, 
I'^TT.  This  war  Mr.Lrhind  cnuld  ha\c  a\  'rted  hv  i'o(i|ieration  with  the 
other  siiriiatoi'y  powers  to  the  I'aris  treaty  of  Mai-ch  ;)••.  i>otl.  hut 
Kuixland.  ••  pcrtitli'Uis  Alhioi;."  refiisi'd.  The  treaty  of  Sail  iStct'aiio, 
(hitcd  Fchiiiary  1'.'.  lsT>^,  in>iih'  n\'  ten  iimnths  f'riuu  the  declaration 
of  war,  attests  the  triumph  of  the  Ku.-sian  arms,  tor  the  IJiissiaii 
forces  foutrht  their  way  across  the  IJalkans  throutrh  the  riLTurs  id' 
vviiilei'.  oceiijiie(|  Adriannph'.  and  at  San  Stefaiio  were  at  the  very 
If;  tes  (d'  Coiistanliiiople. 

And  then  it  was.  afier  the  Turk  has  he(>ii  whippe(|.  that  r»ritisli 
hluster  lir(d\e  loii  :  the  IJi'ili-h  Heel  nf  iron-clads.  in  \iolation  of  the 
treaty  r.i'  i'aris.  and  air:iiii>t  the  remim-lraiice  (d' Turkey,  steamed  up 
the  hardaiiidles  :  the  Parliament  of  (xreat  Uritaiii  voted  money,  osteii- 
sihly  I'oi'  military  and  naval  pi'eparatieiis.  with  a  percentage  for  suh- 
sidv  understood  :  for  oHicial  ,-crvitors  of  imjiecunious  dynastio  include 
clieai)  human  chattels,  and  as  a  litlle  fuel  will  raise  >team  to  Idow  a 
whistle,  so  will  a  lew  dollars  raise  wind  to  make  a  noise. 

A  scrap-li(Hd<  made  ii|i  of  (dlicial  I5riti-li  correspondence  and  ciit- 
tiiiii's  fr(Uii  the  London  new-pajiers,  heLiinniii:!:  with  the  l>erliii  Mem- 
orandum dated  May,  l^T'i.  whiidi  (treat  IJritain  reduced  ti>  siLfii,  and 
which  wouM  have  aveiled  the  war  so  di-aslroiis  to  Turkey,  hy  con- 
straining.' that  do(Uiied  despoti-in  to  i^ranf  the  concessions  a~ked  for 
hv  the  continenttil  powci',-,  would  illustrate  how  the  l>iilisli  lion  was 
imule  rampant  with  imitation  aiiixcr.  till  it  swallowed  an  inland  hchuiir- 
iiitr  to  ils  ally,  and  so  with  Cyprus  appt'asod  its  hunger;  lor  when 
.Uritisli  huiiLi'er  is  appeaseil.  IJritish  pride  is  satislied. 

On  the  l^Sth  dune,  I>7S.  a  Coiii:'ress  of  st'veii  ]iowers — Hus-ia. 
Turkey,  Italv.  Kranct',  Au-tiia,  (iermany  and  <!reat  lliitain — met  at 
JJerlin  t.t  discuss  the  treaty  (d'  Saii  Stefaiio  and  preserve  the  peace 
with  diplomatic  chess:  for  secret  societies  and  attempted  assassina- 
tions had  hcL'oitcn  a  eomnion  dread  that  a  ireneral  war  iiiiLrht  ilevelop 
a  iii'W   daiiL^'cr    in    social    and    |i(ditical    elements,  antagonistic    to    the 


12 


ruling  j)o\vci's  ri'|ii\'sciit('il  liy  the  r.crliii  ]iloiiipotonti;irios,  iiii'l  Avliicli 
iiii'ilit  ill  siiiMc  iilMrc>  iu'dlit  liy  \v;ir  t'l  pidiiinte  revolution  :  since, 
liowcViT  powerful  a  iiotentate  may  sei^ni.  lie  must  liave  Iii-;  peojile  on 
his  side,  am!  nni-l  eoiifni-m  to  ])u!ilie  o|iinioii  in  liis  aetion.  to  assure 
stabilit  \-  ami  justify  su('ee<si(Ui  in  liis  line.  Moral  responsiliility  is 
inlierite;!  at  evorv  liirtli  and  jx-rvades  every  life:  and  ])ossession  and 
jiower  arc  idcntieal  only  wliere  the  ruler  and  the  rided  are  cordial  in 
(•()(!pei'alion.  Hence  ministers  are  slow  to  ahet  war  where  the  jieople 
art'  not  in  accord  wiih  the  aims  of  the  adnnnistration  in  oilice,  whether 
its  chief  wears  a  crown  or  holds  a  certificate  <d'  election  :  unless, 
indeed,  where  a  man  commands  confidence  from  ludief  in  his  ))atri()t- 
ism  and  greatne.-s,  and  even  tlieu  if  he  fall  short  he  will  fall  far,  for 
the  nation  is  parairiount  ami  the  individual  must  succtimh. 

On  the  loth  July.  L'^'TS,  after  a  ?■.  sion  of  oni'  month,  the  llerliii 
Consress  siiiiied  a  treatv  and  adjouriu'd.  If  it  did  much,  it  left  more 
undone,  for  its  articles  are  oidy  temporary  trestles  where  arches  of 
enduring  masiuiry  are  nece-sary  in  a  permanent  way  over  a  crisis 
■\vliich  will  periodically  reappear,  till  the  Turk  return  to  Asia,  whence 
hi'  came  to  curse  Europe  with  his  false  religion  aiid  his  beastly  vices. 

In  the  I'ongi-ess  of  lierlin  the  course  of  the  ambassador  of"  France 
is  inciunpreliensible.  save  on  the  hypothesis  that,  because  France 
under  the  first  Napoleon  sought  to  end'arrass  and  thwart  Alexander 
the  First,  till  Moscow  eoir-umed  his  ambitious  hopes  of  colossal  empire 
in  its  ashes,  and  made  him  a  fugitive  from  Russia,  where  his  army 
left  its  bones  in  evidence  of  its  destruction,  therefore:  France,  wrong 
after  the  interview  of  'I'nh  dune,  Isij",  on  the  raft  in  the  Nieineii  at 
Tilsit  and  the  occult  treaty  of  Tilsit  of  !^th  July,  1S07,  wrong  in  the 
('rinuan  war  of  b'*^r)4-.")ti,  which  was  conceived  and  waged  to  make 
I'ussia  a  Uallic  state  like  Sweden,  must,  to  be  true  to  its  Jiusso- 
phobic  wrong-doing,  commit  a  final  blunder  at  Berlin  in  187(S ;  where, 
after  having  voted  against  Hus^ia  and  with  F^ngland.  it  was  made 
wise,  when  too  late,  with  the  iid'ornuition  that  meantiuu'  (Ireat  Britain 
was  pettifogging  and  shystering  for  the  Turk  at  Berlin,  to  play  its 
high  moral  part  in  the  Fjur<ipeau  drama,  it  luid  negotiated  a  secret 
treaty  with  Turkey  for  its  own  aggrandizement  in  the  Mediterranean, 
geographically  in  Asia,  it  is  true,  but  politically  and  commercially, 
and  in  a  naval  and  military  sense,  in  I-liirope;  in  a  place,  too,  where 
Cy[)rus  under  the  British  flag  is  a  defiance  to  France,  to  say  nothing 
of  Italy  and  Spain. 

In  its  foreign  dijilomucy.  in  which  France  was  prei'ininent  before 
the  Ituonapartes,  F'rance,  siiuH"  its  seihu-tion  by  (ircat  Britain,  has 
obviously  declined  ;  and  among  Britons  and  pro-i>riloiis  it  is  an  opin- 
ion e.\pre,-.-eil   with  satisfaction  that  France  has  culminated   in  Euro- 


ich 

I'C, 

on 
lire; 
is 

11(1 

ill 

i|)le 

Id- 
es s, 
iot- 

i'or 


poan  politico,  wliicli  is  uiidcrstoMd  to  iniply  tli;it  FriiiiPc  is  in  irs  (1(M':i- 
di'iu'c  ;  ;i))  cvKoiicdiis  opiiiinn.  Avliicli  tlic  |{c|)u!ilic.  wlini  it  cimscs  to 
repent  old  liistorv.  and  make-'  m-w  lii-toi-y  for  Kuro|re  and  mankind, 
■will  taki"  care  to  erailicati'. 

<lreat  Jjritain  di>trnsts  liolli  Fi'aiicr  und  (icnnanv.  Ijceaiisc  <irear 
Bi'itain  kmiws  ami  foresees  that  IJelLi'ium  iUid  Holland  wonld  I'e  \al- 
ualde  ae(|uisiti()iis  to  France  an.l  <  ieinianv.  inasnincli  as  tliev  contain 
available  Iiarliors  on  the  I'lnLdisli  Cliannid  and  North  Sea.  \\lii(li  in 
Frencdi  and  (iernian  ownership,  hy  partition,  wonld  ;j;ive  presii;j:e  to 
Freneli  and  (Jernian  commerce  in  the  waters  of  the  worhl. 

As  to  the  iiKiralc  of  Fliiropean  polities — not  as  proCe-sed  and  pi'oj)- 
afxated  in  deliatos  and  newspapei's  in  (Ireat  Dritain.  hut  as  practiced 
liv  <  treat  liritain  in  its  I'oi'eiLiii  allairs — it  will  sullice  here  to  (|uote 
the  reported  words  of  I^ord  I)erl)_v  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  iSth 
.luly,  ISTS,  after  Lord  IJeaeonslield,  on  hi<  first  appearance  IVesh  from 
the  Berlin  Conirress  adj'onrned,  had  niaile  his  statement  : 

"■  Lord  Derby  ii'enerally  approved  of  what  had  be(Mi  done  in  I'liirope, 
••  bnt  he  (pn'Stioned  the  value  of  ('ypiais.  ami  deeiared  that  he  ipiilled 
''  the  cabinet  because  he  di>sented  from  the  decision  to  seize  a  naval 
"station  in  ihe  t'astern  Mediterranean.  eoi;<istinL:  of  ('ypiai-  and  a 
"point  on  the  main  land,  by  a  secret  expedilion   from  Lidia.  without 


"  the  eon<eur  of  the  Sultan." 


(.ii'eat  IJritain's  role,  as  the  ally  of  Turkey,  wa-  to  colijierate  wiih 
Tui'key  airainst  mutual  enemies,  and  to  (dieat  Turkey  for  J^ritish  ]iri- 
vate  accoui.i.  IJut  the  ollicial  Turk,  first  soundly  thrashed  by  the 
Russian,  and  secondly  bribed  or  biased  by  the  Jiritou.  wa-^  too  tlnu'- 
oiijn;hly  demoralized  to  stand  on  the  San  Stefaim  ti'eaty.  in  which  he 
was  one  of  two  neipotiatinii"  ])arties.  or  to  say  "no"  to  an  ally  which 
bears  and  Wfars  the  prefix  ''perfidious"  to  its  '•Albion." 

Every  impartial  oliser\'er  the  world  over  can  fiu'csee  that  the  i^n'eat 
])OWer  of  the  north.  L'iant  l>u-sia,  will  never  eease  its  efforts  till  the 
Bosphorus  ami  the  J)ardam'lles  are  ^o  held  and  c(Uiirolle(l  that  llu<- 
sia  shall  have  free  and  unrestricted  passaj^e  for  its  commerce  tliroiii^h 
the  straits  Ijotween  tin'  I  Slack  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean,  as  (ireat 
Britain  has  fir  its  commerce  throULr'h  the  Strait  of  (iibraltar  fetween 
the  Me(literranean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  Mt'diteri-ancan  Seti  is  to  Bii-sia  precisely  what  the  (Jiilf  of 
jNIcxico  is  to  the  .Mi>sis>ip]ii  valhy.  Tin  IJaltic  Sea  is  cdo^ed  by  ice 
to  navigation  in  winter,  like  the  American  lake<  and  the  Hudson  and 
St.  liawrence  Rivers:  but  the  straits  to  the  Mediterranean  are  open 
throu_i!hout  the  year,  like  the  Missi>sippi  to  the  (lulf.  And  a-  the 
first  Napoleon  throu,u-h  hi<  Moscow  campai^'n.  and  the  third  .\'a|)nleou 
through  his  Crimean  campaign,  both  lailed  to  drive  J{us.->ui  back  Iroui 


\[ 


tlu'  I>l;irk  Sen  riiwnnl-  tlic  I'.iillic.  tlic  '•  iii;iiiit'cst  destiny""  of  IJn.ssia, 
in  the  jii'dv  nlfiK'c  (>i'  i.niinns.  slioiiM  lunc  mink'  Kr;incc  in  1>^7S  wise 
to  jii't'tVi'  tlic  l(ii-si;ins  on  tlir  l)(is|)iiniMis  niid  in  ('onst;intinn|il(',  to 
inc'fciisc  of  JJritisli  jiiiiMliction  in  the  Mc(lii«'rfanL'an  liasin. 

Spain,  Krnncc.  Italy.  yNiisti'ia  ami  Kii<sia  afc  the  five  jivincipal 
)iowcrs  MJiicli  liavo  connnon  intcicsts  in  Mcilitcrraiican  naviiratioii, 
\\Iicrc:is  <ti'cat  Ilvitain's  ihicicsis  arc  mainly  in  Imlia.  and  her  aiiibi- 
tiiin  is  to  (louiinale  the  .M(  <iiten'anean  to  proteet  lier  jirt'lerreil  route 
to  the  Kasl.  Krancr  liuilt  the  Sne/.  Canal  across  E^i^ypt  against  tlio 
(i))position  am!  misreproseiitatioii  of  (Ireat  ISritaiii.  hut  su1)se(niently 
l^'ranee  allowed  Kiigland  to  ae(|uire  part  ownership  of  the  Suez  (,'aiial. 
And  this  )ire>eiit  year  I''ranee.  in  shortsightedness  akin  to  blindness, 
ai  d  a>  if  in  reinetid)raiiee  ol'  Moscow  and  forgetf'ulness  ot"  Waterloo, 
(;oilpcrated  aLTainst  liussia  in  a  way  that  aggrandizcil  A  iistria  ami 
(ii'cat  l)ritain.  the  two  powers  which  ill  the  ('oiigress  of  Vienna, 
t  went  v-t'our  vcars  ago.  iiii|iovcrislied  ami  humiliated  l''raiioe  to  ag- 
gramli/e  and  exalt  themselves. 

J)nt  the  Ijcilin  Conifress  is  over,  and  to  the  shame  of  Fraiiee.  which 
returned  home  from  the  ( "oiigress  of  l>erlin  empty-handed,  if  not  a  dupe, 
(ireat  liiilain  ha--  a  Idcd  Cyjirus  to  its  Malta  and  Gihraltar  fortifica- 
tions for  its  army  and  na\y  in  the  Mediterranean  (a  iierliii  Congress 
made  liritlsli  Lnhc].  where  France,  Italy,  and  Spain  ought  to  bo 
ahsolnie.  but  are  not  :  and  whci'c.  too.  had  France  and  Italy  at 
Jlerlin  been  wise,  they  might  always  have  Kiissia  tor  a  safe  and  sure 
ally,  which  (Ireat  Uritain  never  is.  by  reason  of  its  shifting  policy  of 
expediency  and  interest  ;  liecMise  the  Hlack  Sea  is  no  more  than  aii 
alllnent  of  tin?  Mediterranean  Sea.  whence  the  Atlantic  Ocean  is 
reached,  as  Lake  Superior  i>  but  an  alllnent  of  J^ake  Erie,  whence 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  is  reached:  and  In'cause.  also,  liussia  at  (Jonstan- 
tiiiopb'  could  protect  tiie  waterway  to  the  oceaii-world. 

'i'be  lilaek  Sea  and  its  tributary  rivers,  which  ])ass  their  waters 
through  the  straits  via  (,'on.-.laiitinople,  are  all  within  the  hydro- 
graphic  basin  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  as  the  Ohio  and  Missouri 
N'alleys  are  within  tlie  hyilrograpliic  1)asin  of  the  Mississijipi  IJiver; 
ami  < 'oiistantinojile  is  to  Odessa  what  New  Orleans  is  to  St.  Louis; ; 
for  St.  liOiiis  can  only  reach  the  ocean  by  natural  waterway  via  New 
Orleans,  and  l>iiessa  can  only  reach  the  ocean  by  natural  waterway 
via  Constantinople.  Ami  l{us>ia  at  (.'oiistantinople  would  be  no  more 
a  menace  to  the  Mediterranean  powers  than  is  the  American  Union 
on  the  (lulf  of  Mexico  a  menace  to  the  West  India,  Islands.  The 
lliissian  pi'ogrammc.  which  (ireat  Britain  lia>  inagiiirie(l  into  a  pan- 
dora box  to  poison  the  Medirerranean  aii'  with  su-picion-;.  in  truth 
makes  Ikussia  not  the  threatening  eiiemv  but  the  natural  allv  of  the 


\:, 


.Mcditon'fiiiofiii  powers,  ('(iiuprisiiiir  Fnni.'c.  Itnlv,  Spiiiii.  ;iim1  (Jrcocc; 
(ii-ctit  Britain,  tlir  tii-k'-iiiiistiT  of  finli;!.  iidt    iiiclmlnl. 

To  r(%f,'rni  (liliralliir  i>  a  Iciritiiiiatc  a>|iirati(iii  in  a  licniir  S)iaiiianl. 
ami  Spain  lias  a  liistorv  to  Ijrujct  |)alri(iti>iii  ami  arnii-c  aniliit  inn.  Anil 
what  li('tt(  !•  political  pmiio-i-  S|iain  can  iiru;i'  than  the  r('tri)rc--ioii  nf 
(jii'i.iit:;:,  ,s  past  onf  comprehension. 

To  ;,Miar(lian  the  Suez  Canal  is  a  legitimate  French  amhition.  lor 
Franco  promoted  the  Suez  Canal  when  Croat  JJritain  umlerratod  it, 
and  disparaiiod  and  opj)Osed  it.  Over  K^rypt.  too,  France  should  have 
retained  the  control  it  hail  when  the  Suez  Canal  was  openeil.  nnder  its 
auspices  ami  throuiih  its  material  aid.  and  when  Croat  Dritain  was  in 
the  haokground,  wonderini;  if  the  pi'inliiial  Khedive  wnuld  soon  sell 
er  hvpotheoate  his  Suez  Canal  shares.  In  tiiith,  France,  luul  it  heen 
less  ji'alous  of  Ivussia  and  mure  >uspieii)us  uf  Croat  I'liatain.  miirlit 
have  sustained  its  apjimpriate  role  as  the  chit  1'  Mediterranean  jmwer. 
in>toad  of  >uri'eiiderint!'  In  Croat  Itritain  that  proud  di.-tnntinn, 
wrestt'd  from  l''rance  hy  diplomacy  that  ovorrt'aches  and  hy  intriu'uo 
that  iinderndnes. 

Jiut  the  friond>  of  the  Jlepuhlio  oi'  France  need  not  despair  nor 
despond,  for  its  diplomacy  may  he  revived  and  its  pre-tine  restoroil, 
tinder  a  progressive  I'roriidont  elected  hy  popidar  vote  or  its  eipiivalent, 
as  in  the  I'luted  States. 

J'ossihiy  Creat  Britain  may  strive  to  anticipate  l'"i'aiice  and  make 
itself  the  ally  id'  ltus>ia.  for  (ircat  IJritain  is  a  mnney  pnwer  aied  its 
'•  interests  "are  ohamelonn  in  cnlors.  Hut  llii-sia  has  aims  in  Asia, 
and  can  there  oause  Creat  Jiritain  trihulation.  and  so  {"'ranee  and 
Italv  may  yet  with  I{us<ia  ciuisult  the  '•si(d<  man"  on  his  sffi/'fs. 

What  llussia  prnpn<ed  to  (ireat  Britain  antei'ioi-  to  the  Crimt'an 
war  is  of  record  in  olficial  oni-respnudence ;  and  the  ac(piisition  of 
Cyprus  Island  hy  (ii'eat  Britain  is  a  testinionv  (d' the  forosiLi'ht  of  the 
Emperor  Nichulas.  as  the  fate  of  the  tirst  Napohou  is  an  evidence 
that  the  alliance  profi'erod  to  France  hy  Alexander  the  First  would 
have  spared  F'raiici-  disaster  in  the  Held  and  lo,-s  in  trea.-ure  and  life. 
But  the  ways  of  di]domacy  are  "past  iimliiii:'  out"  in  advance,  though 
after  events  hear  the  marks  of  its  visitation  in  scars  impossihlo  of 
niisintor|>retation.  '"'or  is  not  the  hondt  of  eelesti;d  fire  a  convincing 
proof  when  it  explodes  tliat  electricity  is  a  force  in  nature'' 

Is  not  Turkey  shattered  :\here  ri\on  Iiy  the  l!us-ian  holts  of  war 
ill  FiUropean  Tuikey  and  A>ia  .Minor'.''  is  not  Turkey  -horn  of  the 
island  of  Cvinus  hv  its  defensive  treatv  wiili  (ireat  Britain,  -i^im  d 
June  4.  InTS.  whorehy  the  latter  stipulate-  to  assi.-t  Turkey  "  if  any 
attempt  -hall  he  made  in  future  time  hy  Bussia  to  take  jiossos.-ion  id" 
any  further  torriloi'ies  of  his  Imperial  .Majesty  the  Sultan,  in  A.-ia  " — 


I»i 


lint  ill  Kin'o])(',  lie  it  iiotcil  ;iiiil  nlisorvcil '.''  Ati'l  is  Hot  Turkey  also 
sliiii'ii  (if  ll(>>iii;i  iiimI  JlcrzcirnN  iii;i,  liv  the  tl'(;ity  nt"  I'x'ilili.  -i'_'MciI 
.liilv  I :'..  IsT'"^.  wliirli  prcscfiliril  ili;it  the  two  provinces  naiiicil  shall 
lie  occ'upicil  and  niliniiiistcrcil  liy  Anstfia  ?  is  not  tin-  f\  iilcm-i'  con- 
cliisivo  tliat  (Ircat  llritain  ami  Austria  coiiinTatcil  a;_fainst  l{ii--sia, 
al'ti'V  it-  victories  in  war  and  its  San  Stetano  pejicc  treaty,  to  aL^j:raii- 
di/.e  tlienisclvcs  at  the  expense  of  Turkey  ?  An  oreiiarilist  anxious 
to  save  a  iree  stri]iped  of  >oiiie  of  its  lira,nehes  hy  a  storm  in  an 
aiiL'rv  wiml.  does  not  cut  oil'  its  reiiiainiiiLr  sipund  liudts.  And  yet, 
Austria  and  (ireat  Hritain,  after  the  tree  of  'i'lirkev  had  heeu  trimmeil 
with  l{us,-ia  s  sword,  from  its  top  liiiiiis  to  the  ;:roiind,  loppei]  oli" 
ijosnia,  ller/e:^ovina.  and  Cvpi'ii-;.  leaviiej;  the  tree  of  Tiirkev  like  a 
weoiiiii;:  willow,  with  hranehes  hrokeii  otV  hy  a  temi)est  and  limhs  cut 
away  with  the  axe — the  tirst  a  coiiseijueiice  of  war  in  the  lield,  thi' 
latter  of  eraft  in  the  council. 

hynastiv'-'  ;;ie  not  iro\erniiients.  crowned  heads  are  ikU  nationalities. 
I'lihlic  opinion,  foiiii(le(l  not  in  prejudice  or  pas>ion,  hut  in  conclusions 
ha>ed  on  r('a>oii.  is  the  paramount  power.  Ami  a  dynasty  that  for- 
feits the  coniidence  ol  the  penple  it  reiij;ns  over  maybe  cast  overhoard 
witiiout  injury  to  the  >tate,  as  a  (h'ud  marine  mav  he  cast  overhoard 
hv  an  admiral  without  injiirv  to  his  lleet.  Is  not  the  <>ueen  of  Kni:'- 
land  an  ornan;ental  leather  in  the  .-cales  that  weiu;h  political  power  in 
Great  Uriiain'.'  hidimt  the  jieople  of  h'rance,  through  their  depu- 
ties in  the  Asseiiihly.  make  it  palpahle  to  an  ei[uivocal  Ilep'iihlicau 
President  and  to  lUionaparlists  m  1^77  that  ihi^  rmiji  d'etiit  o['  Dccvm- 
lier  li,  IcS")!,  is  not  pos^ihle  a  sec()nil  time"'  And  if  in  past  time  the 
voice  of  the  people  \\a.>  sniotlu'red  in  supei'stitioii  and  ignorance  by 
craft  and  chicanery,  m  present  time  "the  voice  of  the  peojile  is  the 
voice  of  <iod,"  in  verity  and  earthly  power. 

The  people  of  France  and  the  people  of  Italy  know  and  realize  that 
their  ambassadors  to  the  J>erlin  ('ongress  of  1878  were  as  clay  in  the 
liands  of  the  potters  who  mani|)ulated  that  conclave  of  jugglers,  who 
adjourned  grave  i|Uestions  aiid  settled  only  minor  matters. 

In  the  ('(ingress  of  IJerlin  the  15iitisli  amhassailor,  a  lord  by  patent, 
sat  with  a  secret  treaty  with  Tuikev  in  his  iiockct.  In  a  coiiixress  of 
boys,  a  boy  ambassador  detect<,Ml  with  a  secret  treaty  in  his  pocket 
under  similar  circumstances  would  have  been  evicted  for  turpitude 
and  di.-graced  among  boys.  iUit  the  Ilussiaii-Turkish  war  of  1877-78 
is  of  record,  and  the  San  Stefauo  treaty  is  a  historical  milestone  in 
the  road  li'Mni  .Mo>cow  to  ( 'oii-tani iiiojtie.  lvu<sia's  ultimate  destina- 
tion, to  which  .-lie  directed  her  aim-  when  the  I51aek  Sea  was  a  Turkish 
hike,  and   the  < 'rimea   Turkish    teri'itorv.  a-   tlie    American    Keiiiiblic 


dv(d  lio]iefnlly  and  expectantly  down   the  Mississi|i[)i    River  t 


o  ine 


the 


»7 

(Jiiir  f)('  Mexico,  wlicti  Tiiiiii<i;mn  1m'1<iii2<'<1  Im  l-'raiicp  and  Klni'i(|;i  \i> 
Spain.  i  l;i]i|iil_v  I'nr  tiic  I  nitdl  States  oiilv  mie  Inreiirn  ]inuei'.  <  I  nut 
IJritain.  was  jealuiis  i>\'  it-  a('i|ni-itiiiiis.  IJiii  Mnha|i|>il_v  t'nr  liu^ia, 
which  is  a  creiliiiii'  nutinu  \>\  t:'reat  (nM-  in  it-  iireiuint  with  hiIicc 
natinns  nf  hel|i  ieh(hi'e(l  an'l  ricei\i'K  it  h;i'  eiiemie-  ai.tl  ie:iluii> 
nt'i!j:lil)i)rs  \vh<i  hcL'riulL'e  ii  \vh;it  it  \viii«.  ami  |il(.t  to  wiihhoM  IV"in  it 
wli;it  it  (lex'i'ves  aiid  will  wnrk  on  In  aehievc,  t'or  the  lieltecnieiit  nt" 
Christian  Kurope. 

^I'otwitlistamliiiu  the  Jeahaisy  ul'it-  "iiemics  inul  heii:hlM)i'>.  hnwever, 
Kussia,  liy  the  S;in  Stct'ano  treaty  nf  1><T>!.  even  as  nnHlilieil  h_v  the 
llei'lin  (.'oni;Te>s,  chMM^'eil  tlie  map  nl'  hliirdpe;  for  it  made  Sei'via. 
Monteiieirrn.  and  lloumania  imlependent  nai  iniialities.  'I'rne,  Kmi- 
niiinia  -hnued  its  nnworthiness  nf  iiMh'pemh'nee  liv  it<  liasenes*  to  its 
oeiiel'aetor ;  hut  nevertlitdess  Ununiani;!  i-  wrested  tinally  frnm  Turkey, 
anil  il'  portioneil  away  here;  fter  so  much  the  hetier.  for  on  it>  inimhit- 
ant.-  is  ini])osed  an  inipoi',  1  prince  impoient  to  preveui  tiie  fciroces- 
sion  of  l)e--;ir;iliia  tn  l!u--ii.  oi'  Mock  tlie  llu->ian'>  w.iy  to  ('on^lan- 
tinople.  Ser\  ia  is  a  iialioiiid  net  uliicli  diplomacy  cannot  cr;ick  to 
divide  its  kernel  :  ami  Montcueun'o  is  a  -tar  stal;'.  not  a  mould  camlle 
to  l»o  e\tinguishc(l  with  Au>tiian  or  linti-h  -nidl'ers.  In  a  word. 
there  are  Christian  fruits  of  wars  pa>t  iiiid  i:-eruiinatini;  seeds  of  w;ir> 
to  come,  on  the  Uhudv,  the  ,l\i:'eaii.  tiie  Adi'iatic,  and  the  .Mediterra- 
nean Seas,  which  will  restore  to  Chri-tum  rule  it>  ancient  sites,  and 
make  the  Meiliteri'aiiean  a  distriliutinu:  hasiu  umhr  riu'ht-  common  to 
all  the  nations  that  have  po-se->ions  wiiiiin  it.  from  (iihrallar  to 
Odessa  and  the  forks  of  tlu'  hanuhe. 


ciiAi'TKij  vr. 


I\  the  Berlin  Coiii'res-.  which  met  June  loth,  and  adjourned 
July  lo,  IST^^ — a  Couiiress  wherein  Italv  and  France  fell  >hort  lA' 
the  o])poi'tunity  and  the  occasion — lius^ia  diil  not  have  the  hearty 
coiiperation  of  a  siuirle  [)ower  to  a-si>i  it  to  maintain  the  conces.-ions 
to  the  (.'hristians  it  had  won  mi  war  and  secured  hy  treaty.  On  the 
conti'arv.  the  powers  jiresent  ap]ie;iri'd  to  make  common  eau-e  to 
harass  l{u->ia  to  the  limit  inipo<c(l  hy  that  victor  on  its  capacity  for 
endurance,  to  jircserve  the  peace  of  Kuropc  :  for  a  war  'hat.  at  its 
outhreak.  would  include  Uu.-Ha.  Turkey,  (ireat  Uritain.  Austria.  Ser- 
via.  .M(Uitene"-ri)  an  I  Jluumania,  would  soon  involve  Italv  and  Creece 
ami  Cermany  and  France,  and  so  become  general  throughout  Euroi)e, 


♦H 


\vli('rf  tlio  ciiilicrs  of  rcvdliifioii  were  iiirlow.  rcndy  t(i  liliizf,  in  tlip 
Miiiiiin'r  of  l^T^^.  Ami  iii_'iiiii>'  npprf-siil  jn'ciplo  rmi-cil  to  arms,  tlic 
IictWdik  III'  (l\li;islii'  uovcriiiiiciit  i>  liiit  ;is  :i  s|iiilci'-\vcii.  l't'(;|ili-<  in 
niiu'i'i  iiic  I'lU'ccs  in  iiiitni'c.  I'csistloss  ns  liirlitiiini:.  Iiiii'iifam.'  ainl  IImd'I. 
Nur  was  (Ircat  Itritaiii.  willi  ail  it>  i|i|iliiiiialir  Imuli'  !iiii1  iirw  «|ia|icr 
liliistci'.  ils  |iarliaiiiriilar_v  liiiiicomlii'  and  its  imi^v  jn'cjiaralinn  i'nr  war. 
ihclinliiii:  its  dianiatic  li'aiis|i()i't  i>\'  ti'Dups  IVnin  Imlia  to  Miilta — ii 
jMovc'ini'Ht  wliicli  inclmlcd  a  lijnt  to  Italy  ami  l-'raiicc — anxious  for 
actual  liosrilitics  :  liccaiisc  IJi-itisIi  sliips  in  tlic  can  vih;:;  trade  aronnil  tlio 
\\nrld  would  liavcatTordcd  t'at  prizes  to  tast-ijoin;^  Alalianias  incorporated 
into  ilic  |{us>ian  navy  ;  for,  clear  as  lihie  sky  at  nnon-tinie,  in  sun- 
shine, i>  the  i'act  tliat.  in  a  war  hetwren  l{iH.>ia  and  (Ireal  Dritain, 
iJus^iau  ships  of  the  Alahaina  >tylewill  scour  the  sc"-s  and  make 
prizes  of  merchant  >hips,  (Jreal  llritain  hreaks  treaties  and  ii^iiores 
ti'catics;  and,  a-  ■'curves  come  home  to  roost,"  (ireat  IJritain  will 
sulfcr  the  coiisr(|Ucnce  of  her  own  ])i'acticc,  wIh'U  she  plotted  the 
de>ti'Mciion  of  Americaii  eomnicrci',  with  KhLdish-oiidi  Alahamas, 
maiiiu'd  with  l'!iii:li.>Ii  crews,  to  pi'cy  on  the  cninnicri'e  of  the  I  nited 
States.  Mo'ilands  aim  was  to  srver  tlie  Anicriciin  Inioii.  make  a 
eomuH'i'eial  ally  of  the  cotiou  ( 'onfcdi'mcy.  and  strip  the  North  of  its 
ships  on  ihe  sea,-,  so  that  l'lni;land  could  command  the  ocean-carryini; 
trade  of  hotli  section-,  in  the  war  of  the  IJeiicllioii.  KiiLi'land — al»oli- 
tion  Hn;_dand — caicil  as  litth'  for  the  I'act  tliat  human  -lavery,  aL.fainst 
which  it  had  Ioult  kept  U|i  a  loud  outcry,  was  thi'  ha-rs  of  the  Southern 
( 'oiiiedei-acy  it  •j:\i\v  aiil  to  in  every  c(Miceivalile  .>urreptiliou-  way.  as 
.lMi;:laii(l.  in  the  war  ht'twcen  Ku.-sia  and  'I'uikey.  eareil  i'oi'  the  fact 
that  the  i,--ue  involved  Chri.-tian  cniancipatiou  from  Mahono'taii  ,>er- 
vitutlc.  At  lierlin.  (ireat  liritain  intrigued  to  dividt'  the  l>iil.^'aria 
created  liv  the  ti'eaiy  of  San  Slefaiio,  so  that  Turkey  nnglit  I'eceive 
hack  Christian  >uhiects  released  from  its  rule  hv  llii>.-ia.  and  therehv 
])rolon,i:  its  >tay  in  Kurope,  where  it  is  a  trespasser. 

tireal  Uritain  ha-  pari_\  erics,  hiil  no  ]ioliticul  ju'inciples.  In  its 
coiipei'ative  sympathy  with  the  Soiiiheni  (Jonl'eileracy  it  forswore  ils 
moral  convictions  aL^ain.-t  human  >la\ery  and  helied  its  loiiil-mouthed 
)ii'ofcs>ions  of  philanthropy  I'or  the  African  in  liondage.  In  its  zeal 
i'nv  Turkey,  so  that  for  service  in  JSuliniria  it  mij,ht  take  pay  in  Cyprus, 
(ireat  iiritain.  at  I>crlin.  ])lotteil  and  intrii:;ued  ai^aiiist  the  followers 
ol'  Christ,  ill  r)ul;:aiia.  to  delay  their  delneraiice  from  the  followers 
ot'  Mahomet,  in  t'oiistahl inople  ! 

On  the  slaj;e  an  act'>r  can  chaiiL:>  hi^  part  aci/ordiiii:'  a^  he  nuiv  l)e 
cast — in  one  |rlay  a  patriot,  in  another  piay  an  apo-tati — hecaii.-e  it 
i>  hi.-  piofes.-ion  to  ••hold  the  mirror  up  to  nature"  in  hi.-  iinitdtidna 
ol   the  characters   in   his  ti'Xt,  from   ni^ht  to  ni:j;lii.      JJiit  nations  are 


I'.' 


;i,L';,'i'<';:iitiiiii>  III"  iii'li\  iiliiiil-j,  iiinl  cliiir.icrcr  t|<M>s  HDt  cmisist  *tf  words 
spdlscii  (if  ;i  111:111.  \\)V  lliiii  i«  ri  |iiit;itiMii-~;i  fliiiiM-  ,,f  ii(.\\>|);i|)cr  iiiiinii- 
riictiirf  -  liiii    i<  ilic  i.rniliict  (if  u  life,  |,iil)|ic  i  priviitc.     CliMiMctiT 

is  pure  liiclJll.  \\Iici'c.i>  |'c|iiit;ilin|i  iiiiiy  \n'  liiiiili-  il|>  'A'  ;illnV»  lli.'it  >\V(  II 
f*\'/A\  liiit  ijii  iioi  iiii'^iiiciit  Millie.  Tliii<.  wlii'ii,  fur  illiislnilinii,  ili(> 
Loiidoii  '/'/'///( .V  Miv-  -I)  uikI  XI  (jT  ;i  |'iriti>li  p'llitici.iii,  its  priiisc  oxnlts 
Mini   its  cciisin'c  il('pi'('ci;itc>.   rcpiiiiitinii  :   Imt    it    docs   not  iilVt-ct  cliiif- 

actci',  Inr  iliiii  i-;  iiiiiil"  lip  not  ot'wdid-,  wliicli  ;irc  wind.  Imt  nf  d Is, 

uliicli  arc  wciuilits  and  iiicasiirt'S.  I  Iciicc  ( ircat  iJi'itaiii,  loiiii;  ai:" 
••ailed  "  I'crlidioiis  Alliinii."  is  pcrlidiniis  -till,  l).caii«',  wliilst,  it  prn- 
{i.'.s.st'.s  iiKiial  principle^,  it  Jilav-  iiiiwui'iliy  tricks  Inr  -Iinji-kci'pcr  and 
liioiiey-k'tid.')'  ends,  in  llic  drama  ><['  pruiircv-,  in  the  intrrcst  id' 
civilization,  in  the  last  liuiidrcd  vcai's.  (ireat  liiitaiii  is  iiniiicasiifaldy 
Itcliind  liiissia  ;  i'oi'  Kiissia  is  not  a,  rover,  sciziiiir  here  and  there,  hut 
a  pro;.fressioiiist,  that  pushes  out  its  tVontiers  in  the  domains  of  anti- 
christ, to  spread  civili/iilion  and  develi.p  tlie  industries  and  the  arts, 
jieiiee.  Ilii.-sia  is  a  urowiiii;  puwer,  with  a  de»liiiy  to  liillill.  whereas 
<ireal  i>iilain  is  a  nionevt'd  pdwer  that  make-,  the  credit  -ide  o|' its 
prolit  and  lii><  account  paramount  to  ii>  moral  priin'iples  and  rcliu'ioiis 
])rol'es.>io!is.  Ilii-sia  aholi.-hi  d  x'td'a^'e,  and  will  make  other  rerniiir-  as 
I)oid,  after  it  secures  peace  nii  la-titiii'  li i-|ns. 

(Jreat  IJritain  had  oppdi'tiinitv  to  >uecnr  Tiiikey  as  an  ally  and 
eo-hclli^fereiit.  when  l'le\iia  surrendered  and  hefore  the  ilii-.-ians  had 
crossed  llie  ilaikaii.- :  aiid  piior  to  the  Ilu.-.-iaii  oei  iipatioii  of  Sophia 
and  AdriaiKiple,  i!rili-h  and  Aii>tiian  coiipei'at  ion  mi:;ht  have  checked 
the  jtroirress  of  JSiissia,  and  so  pre-erved  'i'lirkey  nominally  intact  in 
Kiirope.  leavin;.;  it  to  make  concessions  only  to  piiMic  opinion  in 
niattei's  of  adminislraiion,  without  surrender  of  territoi'v;  for.  ratle  r 
than  see  the  ("hristian  (ireidv  ('liiirch  i'e-e>tahlislied  in  ( 'onslanliiiople, 
('atholie  Austria  and  i'lutesiant  i'lnnlaud  woiiM  plot  ai^'ainst  iliissia, 
aiid  repeat  the  ireachei\-  of  .iudas  to  .lesiis  ( 'hri>t.  'I'he  over-fed 
priot-polilieian  and  the  ovei-paid  rector-politician  are  unwoi'ihy  I'ol- 
lowcrs  of  the  Saviour  and  ilis  apo>tles  :  !or,  with  the  poliliciaii  in 
rohes  it  i<  self,  >elf,  self.  \vlierea<  with  the  apo<tle>  it  was  evcrythiiiL^ 
for  the  cause  oj' tile  Sou  id'(!od  on  the  eai'ih.  ii,  1  kingdom  founded 
111  unselli~li  .-acriliee  for  the  common  ^ood  of  mankind. 

J»iit  <Jr.at  iJritain,  the  miscellaneous  money-K'iidi  r.  whether  for 
account  of  heaven  or  hell,  and  the  pi'omi-cinm-  deali'r  in  the  neces- 
saries of  life  and  the  poi-ons  ol'  illicit  commerce,  let  pei-f-h  the  oppor- 
tunity which  tarricil  at  i'U'vna  and  insitcd  interfei'em'e :  and.  in 
selfl-iiiies.-.  hioked  on  the  -anLiuinary  >ti'ife  till  Turkey  wa;  crushed 
and  the  San  Siefaiio  treaty  had  made  peace  hetweeii  the  l';ili,L:;erents. 
And  hy  the  San  Stcfaiio  treaty  hetwcen  itussia  and  Turlvcy,  the  iiide- 
4 


*.o 


pcnilciici'  III'  Srrvia  (<iiii|  Mr--.  Si'i'\  i.i  ! '  ;iiiil  M'^iiri'iii'iTn  (<i('il  )i1i>.*.h 
Muliti'iicifi'ii  Ii,  !ilii|  llipillii.iiii.i  till'  U'raclii'lMii  •.  \v;is  xcdPfil :  illl'l  tllfxc 
tlirt'f  new  iii(li|iriii|iiit  iia:i(tiialiti('«  were,  liv  flu-  liii-«iaii-Tiirl\cy 
treaty  ol' San  Stil'ann,  aiMtd  tu  the  I'lnioii.'aii  pcwcri.  rml.'aria.  too, 
al'ti'f  loii;:  siillcriii;^  in  si-rvitinli'.  \va»  mnilc  an  fii.ld'Vn  iiati«inality, 
willi  i'nlari.'<'il  liountlarics  ami  a  c'oni|irrlirii-i\c  |irii;;raii)iiic. 

The  lli'ilin  ( 'oli^^ri'ss.  Iiuwfvcr.  s\a>  cilliil.  an'l  lp_v  tliat  \n  irc-worki'tl 
cuni'lavf  of  wi/,anl-  ami  iIii|pin.  ihc  San  Stft'.ino  IiiMty  \va«  ri'visdl.  in 
(•oiiiiiion  jwiloiisy  of  Russia  ami  in  ihc  sjiccial  int(i«'.".t  of  Ail>triii  and 
.Kn;rlanil.  liccaMsc  tlic  airilia>sailors  <i|'  Italy  ami  l''raiicf  Wfi-e  iiiitit  for 
tlicir  inonicntoiis  nii>sions — u  fart  wliidi  all  intcllii'i-iit  ainl  ini|iartial 
Italian  ami  j'"i'cnrli  rc|nililic!iiis  fcil  and  ifali/u:  and  Aii'triu,  in 
oXiiltation  ovi'f  Italy  and  l''iam c.  ociMi|iic»  |!u>nia  aiid  lit ■r/.c!_'o\  ina, 
and  (irrat  llritain,  liy  a  *-('iTfi  treaty.  i,«  in  |po-»fs.i..n  ul"  tlie  inland 
of  ( '  V|ii'ii.<,  wlicreliy  its  M(ilit<'riMneaii  ]in.-.e»,i,iii>  mr  eular;_'ed,  nnd 
Italv  and  France  are  (■nri('^iiiiiidiiiij;ly  lieliitK'd  a«  Mediterranean 
|inwer.-.  And  tints  im'atitiine  that  the  Turk — erm'l  to  ijir  ('liri»tiaiis 
aiid  treaeln  I'lns  m  the  lln>>ian>  -\\ii>  mnieti(l  iiy  iln-  Aii-triaiis  and 
Dritons.  Italy  and  l'"rance  were  treaied  a>  irnll-.  ami  apiMji-ed  wiih 
WipiiU.       AVoe  to  tin    lli'l'lin  amlia>-aili'r<  'd    Italy  aiel   Kralieel 

What  iK  xt  nmy  traii-)iire  in  Knipp|ii'an  Tnrkey  i«.  in  the  future, 
si'aled  from  tin'  kiiowlediie  ol' man.  lint  iliat  the  l»i  i-lin  treaty  uhieh 
iiniipi'ed  Italv  ami  Kraiu-e  a>  .Medit'rranean  powers,  ai'irramlized  Ans- 
tria  and  inllated  dreat  Uritain  with  Iiln>ter.  is  nu'iely  a  |iosi|,Mnenn'nl 
of  a  liiial  settlement  wliieli  the  [inwer.--  dul  not  then  dar<'  to  make,  in 
till'  i'aeeof  the  soeiali.^tic  ami  ot  lii'r  aL:itatipiii-  aiita_'oid>lie  Ip>  ilyna>tic 
shams,  framls  and  pen-ions,  is  [laient  to  r\t'\\-  niiollieial  snhjiet  in 
Kiiro|ie.  Servia  aiid  Moniene;.frip,  howe\er.  hiptli  now  inile|ii'mlent — 
lur  tlu'  lierlin  (!lln^re^s  did  not  venture  to  i,Li'm;ru  the  Servia  ami 
Moiiteiiegro  ]ir(p\isions  of  the  San  Stefaiio  treaty — '>cciijiy  iio-itioiis 
which  iusiifv  c'XpeetatitPiis  of  aiXL^randizenient.  In  truth,  the  theme 
of  Kuro|)eaii  'J'lirkey  liri>tles  with  |io>siiiilities  which  chan;j;e  >haj)e 
according  to  eircumstances,  as  >ea  wave-  lake  form  ami  derive  their 
force  from  the  |)revailin;:-  win<l. 

Russia  and  Turkey,  as  tlie  two  |>rinci|rfds  in  the  war.  'lipl  their  hest, 
ami  Tnrkey  nwide  peace  to  keep  the  llits-ians  out  of  < 'onstantinople  ; 
for  if  the  J'urte  ha<l  cros-ed  the  IJosphoru-  and  li.\(.-d  its  liead-i|uarters 
In  Asia  ?diiior.  and  a  war  of  the  puwcr-  inel  elisuepl.  it  is  safe  to 
predict  thai  'i'urkish    reii^M    in    I'liu.ijiean    Turkey  wipitll    have  ended; 


thou;:.'h  how  the  s[ioils  nn:;-lit  have  lieen  ilivideij  ii  i-  u> 
iIowe\  er,  w  i,h   Tiirkev    ra 


•le-s  t 


/.et'il    into   (li-iiro|i..riiipn    !• 


o  (•onsKier. 


lU-sia   as   a 


Uiililary  power,  Ku>sia  can  cuntem|date  the  .-lay  ipf  the  Turk-  in  (Joii- 
stuntiiiople  as  citizens  of  the  rnitcd  Statt's  coiiteiiiplate  the  Spaiiiard.s 


:.l 


ill  (lif  i>l;iti'l  ul'  ( 'iihii.     .\«i  ii  Spiiiiisli  poxscssioii  ( 'iilia  i<  iiMf  ;\  niniiicc; 

lillt  till'  I'llili'll  Stlltc-  WnllM  lint  fiplclMlc  tllr  t  IM  l|«i|Vr  iif  ('l|lp;i  tn 
(il'Cllt  l»ril;iih,  (irrillilllV  or  KrilllCC.  'I'lir  AllirrioiUlS  i|(i  linl  CnM'l 
' 'illiil  lini'  want  it  iiiiiH'\t''l  to  tlif  I  iiiuii,  Imt  tliu  AliH'ri(';iii>  woiiM 
iiit('r|»os(' til  |ii('vriit  till'  triiii.'t'tT  i)f  Ciiliii  Innii  tlir  piis-iosinii  nf  Spiiiii 
til  ii  piiwir  risiil  III'  coiiipi'titor  tn  tlic  I'liitfil  StiitcM;  fur  with  Spiiiii 
tlic  I'liiti'i'i  States  cuii  ciiltivutu  rcciprni'iil  coiiniii'rriiil  rt^liitiuii"',  witli- 
niit  (lander  nl' sfiiniiH  iiiisiiiiilt'i*staiiiliiiLr.  Ami  sn.  in  like  maimer  ami 
IVom  eorrespiimliiig  cause,  Russia  cftulil  cniiti'iiiplate  'I'lirkey,  as  left 
by  tlie  ti'eaty  of  San  Stefami.  in  possessimi  nl'  ( 'on^tantimiple,  Iieeaiise 
Jliissia  ami  Tiifkey  eoiiM  tliem>^elves  cari'v  mit  tlieir  ovmi  treaty  ami 
jniiitly  rei'iilate  tlie  iiavi;iati«iii  of  the  straits  frmii  the  Mlaek  Sea  to 
the  Meiliterraiieaii.  Tlii<  reasmiiii;^,  (ileiir  when  the  treaty  ol'  San 
Stefaiio  was  siLTiieil  in  Kehrnary,  IM"!^,  is  ennelii-^ive  since  the  lierlin 
treaty  of  -Inly,  1S7«. 

True,  tliu  IJritish.  who  have  money  to  hrihe  corrupt  men  in  oftlce, 
ami  who  wear  hrass  to  hide  Mushing',  say  that  it  is  Kiissia  wliich  has 
been  depriveil  of  the  friiit<i  of  cotii|Uest,  waj^eil  for  the  ileliveraiiee  of 
Christian  popiilafions  fiuiii  oppressions  that  ilarkeii  history  throiit.'h 
^eiu'iatidi's  1. 1'  tune:  Inif  the  truth  i-.  '''iikey  has  heeii  >iii\L!:eonei| 
where  previously  it  liad  not  hreii  even  j'-iiii^iil;  ami  to  app('a.>e  l)riti>Ii 
lust.  (Christian  emancipation  has  heeii  imlefinitely  ;.  .st|)oneil,  tliou;::li 
Turkey  is  weaker  if  not  .-mailer  than  it  was  h'ft  by  the  treaty  of  San 
Stefaiio;  wlier<'as  Jtiissia.  witii  IJe^sarabia  re^aiiieil  to  the  Danube 
ami  I'riith,  ami  I'.atoiim  ami  Kars  ami  about  nine  thousand  square 
miles  of  eoiitiiiuoiis  territory  aiiiirxed  in  A>ia  Minor,  can  recuperate 
in  patit'iice  for  another  struif.ii'h'  when  a  propitiou-  opportunity  recurs ; 
for  Russia,  \;ist  and  poweil'iil  as  it  is.  cannot  stay  its  march  nor  stop 
its  wars  whilst  the  Turk  as  an  enemy  patrols  the  Straits  and  lin^i'rs 
in  Kurope.  a  scandal  to  the  (.'hristiaii  ('liiirch  and  a  reiiroach  to  civil- 
ized iiiankiml. 

And  perchance,  whilst  dynasties  and  cliurches  jilot  and  counterplot, 
the  mas-es  mav  exercise  the  inherent  riudit  of  revolution,  and  make 
the  crowned  heads  of  Kuro]M'  heiid  and  1m. w  down  in  the  popular  blast 
aiiaiiist  tvraiinv  an 


I  titles,  like  reeds  and  willows  in  a  storm. 


i; 


Uissia    Ivussiaiiizes 


,mericaiii/A'  wiiere  Iliev  annex. 


where    it    overruns,    and    the    Liiited    States 
France  contains  nothiiiLi'  but  French- 


men HI  a  natiniial  s(  n-e.  am 


1   all  (iermaiiv  is   fatherland    lo(iermans. 


Itab-.  loo.  is   1 


mliinifcm'oiis.  aiiO 


hain    I-   a    iiiii 


I.      Wnt   Au-ir 


I  a   IS  a 


cahinct-piece,   stuck    to;.'eilier    svilh    diplniiiatii'    <^\nr.  not  a   lusion  o 


ill 


iliatiiij:  metals  ca-i  in  a  moiil 


f 

a>  broii/e  is  a  fu>ion  of  copper  ami 


iiM'U  with  zinc  ami 


tin  fl 


ati.-fact(U-v  to  the  artist  s  e_ 


iir 


k'ad  to  make  it   a  limpid   iluid   for  a  castii 
and  cohesive  to  withstand  the  weather, 


r.j 


Ilunciii  V   is   ,1   s('C(l-L':irilo)i    of  (lisooiitciit  :    Mini    wlioii    tli(>    livdro- 
Tiipliic  l);i,-iii  111'  llic    l''ll"'  -liiill    liavc  liccli  iiiimIc  llic  inoili'l  nl'  a  [lolit- 
i|  |i(ittci''>  (TMi-k.   r>n!i('iiiia  will  Ih'  in  <  icrniaiiy. 

ird  r.cacHiislii'M  i>  Ciiliuicl  MiiIImitv  Sellers  (U'Vclnpcd  into  Mac- 
lictli  the  aiiiliitioiis,  with  his  witches,  i.iily  that  his  I)uiicaii  is  in  ('mi- 
staiitin())ile  ami  his  witehes  are  in  India. 

If  a  Cfoniwell  were  to  I'ise  in  Eni.daiid,  ;i  \Vallaee  in  Scotland,  and 
an  i'lininet  in  Ireland,  and  the  hilidr  oi-irain/.ations  in  ( Jreat  Britain 
would  sinndtaneiiiislv  jU'oelaini  a  Hepuhlie.  the  Houses  (if  Lords  and 
('(iniinoiis  would  heciiMie  the  Senate  ami  Asseudily  of  a  new  Hepuhlie, 
ami  the  Itritish  Islands  would  he  I'nited  State-^.  with  a  nei;.ddior 
lle|inhlie  in  Franee.  across  the  Kn^lisli  Channel,  and  a  syinpailietic 
l{e|Mildic  in  Auu'rii-a,  hetweeii  the  Atlantic  and  racific  Oceans. 

The  case  of  l>.  A.  .Vninmn.  the  hrakeniaii.  who  successfully  oper- 
ated a  raiirnad  ilmin;:'  the  I*ittshiii'i;h  riiil<  in  duly.  1^77.  when  luoh 
rule  jirevailed  in  that  city,  where  dotruetioii  was  I'anipant  frnui 
Saturday  nijzht  to  Sunday  eve  under  ciiciimstancos  indelibly  dis- 
irraceful  te  it-  military  and  police  autlmrities  and  civic  population,  is 
an  illustration  of  how  an  improvised  administration,  intuitively  orLMii- 
i/ed,  miuht  succeed  in  rev(diition  oru'.'Uiized  out  of  riot,  without  dis 
(U'l'^r  in  civil  administration.  The  people  have  oidy  to  oi'i;ani/.e  their 
power  with  wisdom  and  Mpply  it  without  rashne-s.  to  make  revolution 
out  of  hoiidaL^e  into  freedom  a  success  in  permanent  rel'orm. 

Am'  if  this  he  deemed  loo  hopeful  a  view  id'  American  adaptahility 
or  hiinia  I  intuition  under  free  institutions  which  li'erniinate  ideas  and 
e\pedieni<  for  c.\i;j;encie.-  iiiu'.xpected  and  surprisiiiLi:.  the  example  of 
(ieiieral  I'.  S.  (iiant  should  civc   peace  to  the  doiditin^-  mind. 

In  May.  1>^(!1.  I'.  S.  (irant.  a  private  citizen  of  (ialeiia.  Illinois, 
raised  a  comjt.iiiy  of  \nlunleers  in  his  own  iiei;^hhorhood.  marched 
with  it  to  Spriiiirfuld.  tlic  capital  of  Illinois,  tind  temler(.'d  his  servici'S 
to  (loveriior  \  ates.  who  turned  Ids  constituent's  e\|ierience  to  prac- 
tical account  in  oriraniziiiir  the  State  troops;  fur  1'.  S.  (Jrant  had 
served  in  the  Mexican  war.  and  ^.as,  mmvover.  a  iri'adiiatc  oi'  West 
I'oint.  the  national  military  sidiool.  Here.  then,  was  luaterial  for  n 
militaiy  schoolmaster,  in  a  soldier  trained  and  tried. 

Ill  time  of  peace  he  had  I'etired  to  private  life;  hut  when  secession 
ap]Maleil  to  the  swovd.  hi'  reappeared  in  helialf  and  defence  of  the 
I  iii  m:  and  how  persistently  and  suceessl'ully  he  waii'ed  war  and  won 
battle  is  accepit'd  truth  in  the  faieiliar  history  o\'  a  pure  patriot  and 
i.'.reat  commander. 

The  unexampled  cosmopMlii.'in  .■utentimis  paid  1'.  S.  (Irant  in  for- 
eign lands  attest  to  a  woridwid"  appreciation  of  his  conspicuous   mer- 


its,  L'il'iili,f('iit  ill  rplclitv  aiul  luToisin  to  c;ms(>  aiid  ooiiiitrv  ii'  civil  \v;ii\ 
and  iifterwarils  in  l"ii»i1  iiitciitimis  in  trviiiii  times. 

Fnun  a  jnivatc  citizen  l'.  S.  (Jraiit  aseend'Ml  step  liv  stcj;  \n  the 
to|i-lan(lin^'  of  ennnnander-iii-chier  o['  all  the  armies  of  the  Inilrd 
States  :  al'ter  a  civil  uai'  of  \\>\iv  vears  he  was  twice  elected  President 
of  tlie  I  nited  State-;  and  on  llie  expiratiou  of  his  second  term  as 
Cliicf  Mat:i>trate,  March  '■).  1^77,  he  aL'ain  retiirneil  to  iirivate  cit- 
izenshi}). 

Honors  are  not  titles,  nor  are  titles  mei'its.  ])ee(ls  ai'c  tlnallv  only 
represented  h_v  names,  and   hence   in  after  time,  and  to  posterity,  the 


name  exjjresse-;  all.  is  the  symhol  of  evci'ytliin 


\V 


loreiore 


rivss 


Simpson  (irant.  or  otherw  i.-e  and  popularly  and  siirniiieanily  I'liited 

le  \vhole  suliject  full  and  complete,  without 


States  (irant.  stand-   I'or  i 


abbreviation,  reservation  or  contraction. 

xVnd   when   the    Kuropeaii   subject    looks   on  the    American  citizen 
U.  8.  Grant,  and  sees   in  him  an  nna.-sumiMi:  man  without  pi'eiension 


ind  without  title.  >ihh'Iv  liie  sii^mt  mii-t  MiLTiXol  to  his  sol)er  ri'ilection 


th 


0  vanity  of  hereiliiary  titles  and   the  co>iliness  of  royal  pertpaisite,- 


and  m-nsioiis  paid  to  the  |)ro_:j;eny  of  dyiia>lic  wedlock. 

Clrant  rose  out  of  the  people,  om'  of  tliem.-elves,  and,  after  public 
service  in  war  and  in  peace,  returned  back  to  the  jieople.  one  of  ihem- 
solves  :  and  his  example  will  be  illustrious  forever  in  a  name  allame 
■with  patriotic  lame:  for  in  him  i>  re|ire-ented  and  ('mbodied  the  trin- 
ity (d"  duties  oiilv  pos-ible  in  a  rejiublic — private  citizen,  cummander- 
in-clii(d'.  chief  nia'j,istrate. 

Those  who  advocate  a  third-term  President  would  mar  the  fini-iii'd 
picture  of  the  man,  for  the  ihird-lerm  thoii^'ht  implies  more  than  it 
expresses,  and  is  not  cons(Uiai!t  with  the  precedent  set  by  \Vashiii--ton 


iml  since  oiisci 


bs( 


■\-ed  as  a  law   of  sacred  impitrt,  wdiich  (•aniiot  be  misin- 


terpreted to  the  American  penpb 


When  1- 


ranee  wi'lco 


leoiiied   libeilv  back    to  Paris,  and   drove   the   reil- 


li  unlcil    a 


nd    inccndii'rv   toreli-brariii:::   commiini-ts    from    her   leiiiiih 


desecrated  bv  iheir  diaboli-ni,  ami  tor  the  tlnrd  time  couscerated  tlio 
sacred  ediiiee  whose  aliar-llres  bad  b(vn  twice  belbre  extinLrnisiied, 
France  achieved  a  irrand  i^-lorv  foi-  army-ridden  Europe. 


o  liiiertyin  its  ilweiiinLr-place  m  a  re| 


mo 


lie  a  moll  is  a  foe  as  d; 


in- 


irerous    ami    < 


lestitiite    ol    reasiiii  a-    a  do^-  with  the    li vdropliolua, ;    lor 


mtidliLreiit  human  nciie.:-  p 


refer  an \'  and  cNcrN'  fiii'in  of  tj;o\('niment  to 


inar<-liv  :   and   as  the  bavoiiel  as  an  insirument  of  (irder   is   the   basi.- 


oi    desiiolism.  as  the  h 


diol  as   an  expression  oi    power   b 


le  liasis   (}i 


republicanism,  the  enemies  id' order  in  free  government  are  more  than 
disturbers  i<['  [\\r  peace,  and  are  to  be  treated,  after  notice  I'casoiiable 
to  all  not  denHiiis,  like  animals  inoeiilated  with  the  saliva  of  mailncss  : 


.'A 

hcciuisc  between  anarcliy  :ni(l  cinler  in  a  ropul)lic  the  hw  must  pre- 
vail or  libei'ty  .siiccunil)  in  anareliy,  ilic  precursor  to  despotism  ;   i'or 
trust  breakers   in  olliee  and  eharter-elad  ofll'ender!?  who  betray  invest- 
ors and  wronir  employes  and  transporters  would  barter  away  a  state 
to  a  Central  authority  for  protection,  and  sell  liberty  to  enjoy  si)oils  ; 
l)ut  anIktc  intelligent  use  is   made  of  the  ballot  at  the  polls,  abuses  in 
the  jiublie  service,   in  corporation   practice,   courts  ot"  law  and  else- 
where, can  be  reaehrd  and  abated,  and  remedies  provided  for  all  evils 
curable  by  pure  legislation  and  honest  administration,  from  tlie  chief 
justice  to  the  street-sweeper.      For  as  "  the  last  shall  be  first  and  the 
first  shall  be  last,"  so  in  a  re|)ublic  the  bootblack-boy  may  rise  above 
the  chief  justiceship  to  the  [)residency  of  the  Tnited  States,  and  the 
born  heir  to  fortune  may  ilie  a  beggar.      The  few  make  the  noise,  the 
numy  do  the  honest  work  of  life:   the  tribunals  try  but  a  snuiU  per- 
centage of  the  population  lor  ofi'ences.  and   the  jails  are  few  and  far 
apart,  showing  that  fidelity  to  law  and  duty  to  society  is  the  rule,  dis- 
obedience to  law  and  dishonesty  to  fellow  man  the  exception  ;  where 
there  is  ventilation  in  the  newspapers,  a  foul  transaction  smells  ''ar- 
ther  than  .in  orchard  in  blossom,  yet  the  fruit  ripens  in  its  season,  by 
which  time  the  rotten  aspiraiit  is   in  disgrace;   modest  merit  survives 
in  ex(iuisite  memories  in  the  atlcctions  and   in  the  books,  but  corrupt 
selfishness,  like  an  I'l/iiis  ftiliiKS  in  foul  air  over  decavinix  matter  in  a 
morass,  is  aluminous  exhalation  that  misleads  and  disappoints;   the 
bad  man  is  on  a  trap-door  with  a  possilde  rope  overhead,  sure  oblivion 
bnieath  his  feet,  except  as  he  limy  serve  i'or  an  admonition  in  the  ser- 
mons of  prison  chaplains  and  moral  instructors  of  youth.      Apathy, 
too,  is  sometimes  deadly  to  liberty,  as  sleep   is  sometimes  death  in  a 
disguise  that  disarms  Mispicioii.      In  a  republic  inanition  in  a  citizen 
IS  a  crime  against  society,  which  can  protect  itself  from  a  lunatic  by 
confining  him  in  an  infirmary,  whereas   the  citi/eii  who  omits  to  dis- 
charge  his    moral    responsibility    nndi'r    the    civil    code   is    protected 
against   incarceration,  because  to  per>onal    freeilom   iie  has  a  natural 
right    not    forfeited    to   the    statute:    fir,  tiiough   mentally  defunct  to 
political  duty,  he  is  jiliysically  alive  in  the  social  condition;   informa- 
tion and    experience   are   kiHiwledge   and    wisdom,  and  government  is 
exalted    and  pure   in  jiroportion  as   the  governed  participate  in  public 
atVairs  and  adju,-;  ellii'ial  conduct  to  a  standard   that  will   bear  scru- 
tiny, satisfy  coi:scieiicc  and  command  ropect.      'flie   individual  must 
be  a  creditor  in   hi>  acci^uit  with  tlie  community   in  whicii   he  is  an 
atom,  possibly  a  light  :    and    in  proportion  us    he   shows   a  balance  to 
his  credit  large  or  ,-niall  will  he  be  oteeiued  much  or  little  in  the  cir- 
cumfei    nee  of  the  circle  rippled  by  his  pioceediiigs  :   for  status   is  a 
valuation  jnit   not    on  piMimse    but    on    peiformance  ;    and  herein  is   a 


vojisnii  ^\■]\y  •\  ni;iii  in  coiisjiiouoiis  nfllro  oi'  pnsitiitn  wlio  niisiliroets  its 
iiilliiciici-;  ;iiiil  iriMi|i]ili('s  its  jiat i'nn;i;;-c  mihI  jiowcm's,  out  of  ollico  sinks 
out  nf  -iL'lit.  ;niil   ;irtcr  liiiri.il   in  tlic  I'lirtli  is  lost  in  oblivion  deep  ns 
;i  tlMiiisiind  Years:    liavinu;  -ti'aycd  into   f'nrltiiMcn  \vays   ami  prai'ticcil 
imwovtliv  ait-.  ]i\<    nanu'   is  cast  mit  ol'  tlii'  Vdcahiilary  of  his  cotciri- 
jioiarii's,  liis    cdail jutnr-  nproiicli  liiin  to    cxriist'   theiiiselves,  and   tlio 
])ublic  know  liini  im  more:   and   as   a  luniinarv  falls,  so  will    its   siitel- 
lito  disappear  out  of  the  liiiuanu'Ut  nf  prefornR'Ht,  wlicro  its  liorrnwcd 
lirrlit    is    shed    ill   lialiful    licauis.      A  cnuiinuuitv  of  sN)td<lioIdi'rs   lias 
twice  as  nianv  I've-  and   ears    as   toiii:iie<,  and    sees   and   lieai's   iiinro 
than  it  savs.      'I'lie  wiekeil   vanity  that  underrates   tlii'  cmislituency  it 
ahuses,  and   trii>ts   I'ni-tiine  to  prevent    its   conviction  in  the   cuurts.  is 
lielph'ss  and  without  d^'fein'c  in  the  trihiinal  ol' the  jn'npje,  where  law- 
yers" words  are  vapcus.  and  lie,-,  like  damp  rockets,  will  not  coruscate. 
The  J'hiladclphia  soldiers  ,,['  the  I'ennsylvania.  National  (Jiiard  who 
were  ahandoiK'il  to  the  iiioh  and  multitude  at  PittshiirLih,   Sanirday 
iii'dit.  dulv  :^l.    I. '^77.   miller  circumstances   indescrihahly   disLMMcefitl 
to  the  local  military  and   jiolice  authorities,  and   who,  havinji;  success- 
fully ihreiided   themselves   throughout   the   night,  in  a  lioiind   liou-e, 
whither  thev  had   heeii    improperly   ordered   hy  Major  <Se)ieral  A.  1,. 
Pearson,  of   I'ittshurgh.  marcln  d   out   <d"  that   city   Sunday,  duly  :.^l^. 
lf>77   (pur-iied   hy  a    nioh  of  haser  hca>ts   than  hull<  in  a  hei'd.  whieh 
mob  fired  all  its  -hot-  from   the   re. f.  and  so   did   deed-  id"  iimrder  on 
the  holy  dayi,  afterwards  return- ■;  to  I'ittsliurgh  with  recruits  arrived 
out    from    home    and    fellow-soldiers    from    the    interiiu-    and    horder 
counties,  and  reoceiipied  the  -ceiie  of  riot  :    in   order   that    I'ittshiirgli 
should  -CI'  and   know,  and  to  make    I'ittsluirgh  feel  and  realize  in  the 
spectaide  of  its  suhmi-sion.  that  the  law  i-  iiarammiiit   and   the   State 
sujtreme  in  every  jiart  of   I'enn-ylvania. 

Where  the  law  i-  defied  free  governiiieiit  iloe>  not  discuss  the  r.n/.sv 
(d' outhreak  against  order.  Id'e  or  property.      It  re-tores  peaee.  makes 
ama'je-.   and    eon-ichrs   a    remedy    tor    prevention. 


irrots.    a--es-( 


And  till'  Inioi 


I  IS  so  I'XtiiiSlVe.  a 


ml  its  spread-out  pop 


ui 


sitioii  of  readers 


ami 


think 


ers  IS  -o  we 


intoruio'l   on  e\( 


or 


iits  past   and   present,  that  a 
■al  demon-tration.  whether  aggravated  for   jiolitical   party  purposes 
for  ar-on.  pillaLre,  ami   tniirder.  is  filh.wed   hy  instant    preparation 


to  ocriiiiv  t he  scene  ot  rm 


i'v: 


ve-.  that  ,-  the  won 


\—ri"( — for  in.-iirrec- 


tioii  is  farther  from  the  inientioi 


i<  ol    a 


I'enn-vlvanian   than  is  a  vi^dl 


anee  coiiimittce  in  t  ime  ot  i 
and  pillage-a|)pro\  ing  popii 
Siinduv  moh  in  the  luililie  -tre••t^ 

»  1 


ii-oidi'r  MU'  reili'e.-smeii 


t.      And  the  arson 
alion  of  I'itt-hiirgh,  (piiescent  where  the 


a>.-a-siiiated    four  stranger-  ol'  tin 


eiinsv 


I' 


by  ll 


Ivaiiia   Nat 


ioiial  ( mar' 


it  to    ritt-hiir^'h    Iroiii 


i'hil; 


iilelnliia 


le  Male  (dliceis  in  au'liorit  v  al 


llarii-ljurg.  wa.-   meek  and  ipiiet 


5(5 


(and  t'ontrifo  ciinccniiiiLi;  iIiiiiimlti's),  wliilst  llic  iiiilitiirv  posscsscil  Pitfs- 
l>iiri;li  :iii(l  fdfccil  it  to  cut  '•  liiiiiiliK'  jiic,"  lucMiitiiiic  tliiit  railwiiy 
tr;illic  wa.*^  i-csiiincil  ;iii(|  irniiis  (lc|i;irrcil  iiiid  iirrivcii  ini  -iclicilulc  time. 

AVIicii  (JdVcniDi-  -J.  F.  Jlnrlraiit't  arrived  out  at  I'itt.shiirgli  with 
Pciinsylviiiii.'i  tnidps.  K.  A.  Ainuioii.  llu'  ln'cvcttcd  iii'akciniui.  vesiifiiod; 
iind  tlicii  l'itthliin'!_'Ii  liad  oppoi'tiinity  in  lei-iifo  to  meditate  the  eoii- 
se(|iieiiees  id'  its  moli  svmjtiitlues.  its  Stitiirdav  iiii:lit  tre;i(dierios,  and 
its  Sabbath-day  (h'put  fires  and  hiirlnvay  murdei'  i>l'  straiiLrers  umU'r 
orders,  in  the  service  of  the  Conniioiiwealtii. 

'I'hc  ei'atcr  ol"  a  vuleano  in  eruption  is  an  insecure  phu'i^  against  tlic 
hiva.  cin(K'r  and  muddy  matter  east  up  out  ol'  a  '•  bottomless  pit  ;"' 
liut  the  phice  <i\'  tormcMt  for  siiiiu'rs  dnoiued,  with  its  mayor  in  a 
))aro.\ysm.  it>  ]iolice  in  a  tVciizy.  its  mob  cantankerous  and  eoiiten- 
tiiiiis.  and  its  stokers  overhot  from  over\v(»rk  at  its  fires,  as  described 
Ity  painters  in  eobirs  and  poets  in  \\ords.  is  a  phiei;  of  nierey  com- 
]tared  witli  pandenioidum  l*itlsburi:h  on  that  saturnaii.m  Sumhiy, 
July  lil'.  1ST7. 

Oyeiiiir  ecrtaiii  colors  is  a  hist  art  :  and  lying,  nntwithstamling  the 
antiipiily  id'  the  piaclice.  is  still  an  impcrlVi't  di.-guise  and  a  poor 
suli-titule.  else  the  efforts  (d'  the  w  illing  w  ills  and  weak  minds  that 
atlcmpteil  to  mitigate  the  guilt  of  I'ill.-liurgh  by  the  manufacture  of 
imitation  truth  in  eronkt'd  afterthoughts  would  hav(>  had  a  less  mor- 
tifying termination  :  but  the  charcoal  in  the  ]iyres  ahmg  the  railway 
tra(d<s  was  too  black,  and  the  blood  of  the  soldiers  shot  from  behind 
Avas  too  red  on  the  >toiies,  and  the  crime  of  Pittsburgh  was  too  fully 
recni'dcd  in  its  owi:  and  other  new>papers  of  the  day  and  in  after 
documents  and  report-,  fWr  //,  disiilK"!  from  fiction  to  wash  out  its 
stains.  And  .-,■>  ritl-hiirgh.  hmt  it-  dress  suit  of  smoke,  has  a  sur- 
loiit  of  bills  for  .MIeghcny  ('ounty  In  pay.  The  ••  iusurnction  ""  ]dea 
was  a  false  kev  to  oiicn  the  Siid^in^  Kuml  of  l'enn<vlvatna,  which 
contains  assets  coveted  for  daniages  payable  for  the  property  destroyed 
•  luring  the  I'ittsburgh  riot  in  duly.  isTT,  due  not  from  the  State  but 
from  Allegheny  Couuiy.  The  ( b.vernor  ol'  I'enn.-ylvania,  however, 
is  a  vigilance  committee  of  one.  with  the  veto;  ami  in  l^T't  (lovernor 
(Iciiry,  with  a  veto  that  exploded  like  a  boml»-hell,  sa\<Ml  the  Sinking 
Fund  of  Pennsylvania  iVom  >'nbbci'y.  The  people  of  I'ennsylvaiua 
all  know  V  '  n  is  (jlovernor.  ami  h.dd  that  functioiiary  responsible  fin- 
all  legislation.  exec|it  bills  jias-ed  over  Ins  veto.  1  )eiivilig  the  Veto 
power  frim  the  ( 'on-til!ition.  he  is  expected  to  use  it  for  cause,  or 
jiass  out  of  (iHice  and  disappear  IVom  pnlitii'al  lil'e.  To  assent  that  a 
I'iot  was  an  "  insurrt'ction."  to  sidi-tilute  the  State  fbr  Allegheny 
County  in  the  matter  of  damages,  wnuld  -ink  the  <ioveriinr  out  of 
""'.-hi.       Ibil  bclni-c  It  can  reach  the  ( In^cnmr  a  bill  mu  t  be  pa.-.-ed  bv 


57 


both  Iiruiiclu's  (if  the  Jit'gislatiiro.      Allcixliciiv   Coinity  is  liahlc.  and 
its  rc-Diirccs  arc  aiiiplo,  and  that  is  ciKniLdi  t'or  justice. 

And  tims  will  it  lie  a;iain.  if  that  Kni'M|)can  t ran-plant  called 
"siicialisui  and  "  (•(inmiunisni."  huih  parasites  in  a  i'c|inMic,  slmuld 
rise  in  arms  against  ihc  authoritic.-  in  iiny  citv  in  the  I'nited  States. 
A\  hen  peaee  is  disturbed  the  law  is  not  palaver  hut  jji'oet  ss  with  Ini'ce, 
and  orchu-  is  to  he  maititaineil  at  whatsoever  et)st  to  its  eiicniies;  appli- 
cation for  military  aid  is  a  denner  rcMirt.  hut  where  invoked  lor 
sufl.L'ieiit  cause  it  oiiiiht  to  he  usid  with  di-cretioii  and  made  etVective 
ajiaiiist  disorder.  Esjiecially  i>  the  xVnierican  I'nie;;  the  wioiiu;'  lield 
for  the  aLirariaii  from  abroad,  because  hi>  certilicate  of  naturali/.al  nm. 
Avhich  is  proof  of  his  promotion  to  eitizen-liip,  is  not  a  licensi'  to  sow 
treason,  st'ize  property,  orovertiirii  the.-ocial  system  which  \  the  pro- 
<hiet  of  eivilizalioii  since  the  delude.  In  a  rcpiddic  the  >iate  i>  the 
Jiggl'egatt'  (d'  all  the  people  in  it,  held  tonetlu'r  by  its  la\v<,  enacted 
by  represent  at  i\'es  (dioseii  by  ballot  at  the  jiolls.  The  minority  cannot 
enact  new  laws,  but  by  di.-i'ussion  ami  appeal  may  make  jn'o-elyto  to 
its  opinions,  till  it  i-ever.-es  po>iliohs  with  the  oppusition  and  becomes 
ill  turn  the  majority  party;  whereupon  it  may  .Lii'aft  ii>  measures  on 
the  statutes.  \'io!enee  or  intimidation,  however,  is  not  only  nut 
allowable  but  i>  puiii-halile.  and  a>  law-breakers.  lifc-Iakcrs.  and 
)ir<iperty-\\reid<t'rs  imair  puni^lunellt.  >o  their  abettors,  for  heail  and 
lieart  L;iiiltine>s,  dcscr\  e  more  than  repi'obation.  If  a  discontented 
adult  eould  on  option  turn  political  ^urLl•elln  and  butcher  the  law. 
aeeordiuL^  to  his  intere-^t  or  hi-  hate,  the  lia;;d  that  would  smite 
the  state  wouhl  be  lifted  aLraiii-l  life,  and  society  would  ri'tro- 
•'raiU'.  And  this  consideration  make-  the  dciuaf'Oi'ue  an  oistlaw  in 
luaidiood.  fir  he  know-  the  end  to  which  his  arts  tenil  ;  but  the 
domestic  ami  imported  mi-diief-makers  are  few.  and  iiiob  outbreak 
like  vellow  fever  is  (udy  an  occa>ional  visitation  in  malarious  spot-;. 
here  and  there,  in  the  I'nion  :  an  upri.-im^  d'  wickeil  malconti'Uts 
woidd  ]iro\oke  a  c(mcentration  and  explosion  o|  opposition  loicr  that 
would  disper.-e  tlieiu  to  the  four  winds,  a-  a  dynamite  bla-f  -catter- 
(piarry  stones  in  atoms  throu^!i  the  air. 

The  world  craves  not  a  new  relii^ion.  nor  w  ill  it  abau'liui  it-ejf  to  the 
moral  darkness  ol  irreli'^inn.  <  'hri.-tianiiy  lias  done  for  mankind  more 
than  all  other  reli,Lrioii>  -umme(l  toM-i'thei- ;  and  if  the  Turk  reiLi'n  at 
I'hilippi  where  I'aul  preached,  that  i-  bccaii-i'  in  T^TS  Knijland  had 
for  its  idol  of  popular  wor-hip  the  iioa-tfid  "  hisraeli."  ihi'  <,|ueen  of 
England  being  "•  Ihuprc-s  of  India,"  win  i-e  there  .are  12411. (lOtl.tlilO  of 
Hindoos  and  .MalKunctaiis.  against  :ll .s.")7.:!:I^  Christian  subjects  in 
(ireat  j'.ritain  and  Irtland.  England-  temple  i-  the  -imp  and  uoidv- 
shop,   and     I'jiLilaiid's    (iod    is   the   ■•almighty   dollar."    lo    nhiidi    hei' 


.)S 


lioiiiatjc  is  IdV.il.  if  sclfi^li  ;  Eiij^ImihI's  rcliizimi  i>  H'lt  Clirist  cnicifieil, 
Ijiir  iiitcrc-t  iiii'iicv  aciTiicil  Mild  tn  accrue.  On  '•  Dritisli  interests, 
e\|)re-<eil  :iii(l  fe^erveil,  Iimiil;  nil  the  Acts  ol"  I'm Tiainetit,  all  tlie 
I'nn'liiiiiatidiis  nf  tlio  '^hieeii.  l""nr  the  AvoiM,  Knixland,  tIii'oi|n;li  half 
a  cciitiifv,  lia>  Iji'Oii  eMiiiiiieiciai  hfukt'i'  and  ('(uniiiissioii  a^reiit.  liiit 
tlii>  Imsiiiess  is  iinw  open  Id  eoinpelitinn.  and  in  cniniiii'reial  .-iijti'einacy 
(ireat  lii'itain  i>  each  vear  h'ss  alisdhite.  ()!' Coiir.-e.  as  sh(;  "  weakens 
in  the  knees."  -he  hrrdUies  lustier  in  tli(>  liin;:s.  ti>  IViglitoii  capital 
where  she  eaiitiot  haim  it.  Kn;.dand  is  overpeopled  and  linndnii  is 
overgrown,  considering  its  pro.xiniitv  to  the  land's  end  in  Knglanil, 
\VaUs,  and  Scotland,  which  have  these  areas  and  populations,  to  wit: 


Kiigland, 
Wales,  . 
Scotland. 


Total,  ( Ireat  iJritain. 

Ireland.  .... 

Isle  of  Man  and  Channel  l-l.ands,  --V.^ 

Arinv.  Niivv,  M(  reliant  Se.'iiiieii, 


(Ireat  Jlritain  and  li'eland.        .      1i1l',.")1,s 


S(|lllllr  .Miles. 

Ci  li>iis. 

i'i.).iiiMii.iii. 

;")(),!  liil' 

1S71 

:il,4!i:.,l:;i 

:.:;:': 

IsTl 

i.::i7,i:;:. 

:'.1,:;:.'4 

isTl 

••5,:jtiU,<)l.S 

>S!  1,(14:] 

2(i,<>72.-J«4 

;5i'.4Sl 

1ST1 

.">,4 11,41(1 

••v.  14 

isTl 

144,f):58 

1871 

'2-2\K0i)0 

ol.S;^7,:;:;s 


New  Voik, 
Coiiiiecticut,    . 


47,1.">(J 
4,t;T4 


New  York  and  (.'oiinecticiit,      .        '>l,<s:jO 


1S7I) 
1870 


4,3.-i7,(J47 

i)o7,4.)4 

4,^!»5,10l 


New  ^'ork  and  ( 'uniiecticiit.  which  in  Joint  area  are  larger  than 
I'Jigland,  jointly  contain  hut  2-  per  ei'iit.  of  the  [lopulatioii  of  Kng- 
laiiil ;  so  that  England  contains  more  than  fiurtinies  the  joint  jiopiila- 
tion  of  New  York  and  Connecticut,  notwithstanding  that  New  York 
State  contains  New  York  City,  ]>rooklyn.  Dutfalo.  Alhany,  Kochester, 
indeed  eight  of  the  lifty  principal  (.'itir's  in  the  I'niteil  States:  and 
Connecticut  contains  New  Haven  and  Hartford,  two  of  the  lifty  jirin- 
Cipal  cities  in  the  I  niled  States. 

1S41.  Isr.L  ISOI.  1S71. 

ropulation  of  Ireland,    S.lTo.l:i4    (;.:)ir>,7!»4    .K7(;4,r)4:5    r),411,41() 

The  famine  iii  Irelainl.  in  1>»47,  caused  hy  the  faihii'e  of  the  crops 
of  that  year.  p:irticiilaily  its  food  staple,  the  potato,  is  not  an  expla- 
nation of  the  steady  decrease  in  populatiMii  in  each  decade  since  1^41. 
Great  15ritaiii  imports  more  than  halt  the  wheat  consiimeil  hv  its  popu- 
lation :  and,  as  the  jialiiiy  days  of  its  foreign  trade  are  past,  einigration 


)!> 


from  (JiTiit  Uritaiii  will  MiHiiicstioiiiiMv  iiicro;i-c  iiinl  rcsiiliMit  |io|)iil;i- 
tidii  (liiiiiiii,-li  ill  Kiii.'l;iiiil  ;i>  ill  Irt'liiinl.  l''i'rcii:ii  trails  i<  mncrtaiii  : 
aiid  as  <ii'('at  l>ritaiii  jnscs  its  iii(lii>trial  ]ircst  i^'*'  and  fu-.tniiii-r>  I'tn- 
its  iiiaiiiit'actiircs  in  tnrciirn  tnaikfts,  will  not  lidiiilin,  wliicli  iiv  ilie 
ct'lisiis  of  ISTl  CDiitaiiii'il  ^i.l^.'d.SOj  df  |iu]iiilati(iii.  ilrcliiK'  lil<i'  otluT 
coinmorcial  centres  that  proceilcil  it  in  KiiropL''.'  Lnu'lnn  is  too  l,ir.L;o 
to  sulisist  on  tlic  liouK-  trade  of  an  i>land  in  the  oeean.  not  twiiv  tlio 
size  of  Newfoundland.  From  London  to  l,i\iM|)o(d,  hy  I'aihvay  across 
Knj^lhind,  tlii'  distani'c  is  'JOl  miles.     Fioin  New  York   to  San   Fran- 


cisco, across  the  I'nitcd  State,-,  hv  railwav,  the  distaiic 


e   1-   -.-I. 


:l  nnl 


I'x'tween  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  >ea|iort.>  (d' the  American  I'liioii 
thei'c  ai'c  three  thousand  miles  id'  pfnlilic  interior  countrv.  sure  to 
cont.'in,  in  time  not  distant,  two  hundicd  million.-  of  inhahitants. 
Here  is  a  pro.-jiect  for  a  home  trade  \er_v  diifireiit  from  the  outlook 
from  Lomhiii  and  Liver]ioo|.  \'enice  and  fieiioa  had  a  distant  trade, 
and  lost  it.  The  ,i:lor_v  of  fni'eii^n  empire  has  departed  frniii  Kouie, 
yet  Home  is  the  capital  (d'  Italv  nationalized,  and  is  i:rand  in  its 
ancient  ruins.  And  althoiiirh  the  ;:lorv  of  commercial  dominion  over 
a  vast  area  will  leave  Ijoiidon.  yet  London  will  still  lie  the  capital  of 
the  i.slaiid  of  (jlreat  Hntain  ;  and  Macaiilav's  New  /ealander,  who 
will  iiievitaldy  appear,  may  contemplate  its  ruins,  and  contrast  its 
vastnesH  in  (U'solation  with  its  illustrious  pri'deccssors  that  tlourished. 
each  a  cvnosure  for  a  time,  and  then  deidined  towurds  ohlivion.  hut 
not  into  it  ;  hecause  the  historical  inventory  n['  the  ruins  of  cities 
aharnUuied  to  decay  is  a  perennial  entertjunment  to  the  antii|uarian 
and  the  student,  whi(di  latter  comprises  all  the  ages  of  man  ;  for  the 
wise  are  seldom  youni!:,  und  the  cultivated  man  at  three-score  ycisrs  is 
as  zcah)us  a  stiulciit  as  the  hetter  t)oy  at  scho(d.  The  male  animal 
that  is  a  baby,  boy,  and  man.  in  succession,  if  endowcil  with  more 
than  averaire  intellect,  is  a  thinkinir  and  rcmemherin^  machine,  from 
the  time  he  can  con  the  al[diahet  till  reason  leaves  his  head  or  life 
abandons  his  l(od\'. 

"The  Mutual  Admiration  Society."  jua(h'  up  of  ricli  and  prosperous 
Americans  and  titled  and  snobby  Kn^li>hers,  whieh  was  in  full  bla-t 
preparatory  to  the  ncifotiation  of  the  Washiii;:ton  treaty  of  May  S,  1  >T1 , 
that  was  to  do  much  for  mankind,  and  elevate  human  nature  to  a 
liiidier  stamhird  in  this  world,  nrcdiminarv  to  a  still  hiirher  one  in  the 
next,  seems  to  have  moved  the  unbelief  of  one  observer  of  men  and 
matters,  who  wrote  the  f  diowinir  letter,  cojiied  frcun  a  newsjiaper  (d 
November  lo,  L'^Tli.  Its  date,  April  I''.  isTl,  it  will  he  seen,  is 
anterior  to  the  Wasliington  treaty,  signed  May  >.  1^71  :  and  its  pub- 
lication, Novendier  1"),  L'^TU,  it  will  also  be  noticed,  is  jirior  to  the 
llaliiax  Fisherv  award,  uuide  Xoveiuhcr  '2-\.  ISTT. 


w 


IvMii.i.-ii  Tactics  in  A,mi:i;i<'.\. 


(Ii:n.  r.  S.  <ii;  w  r. 

'•  /'/•.,«,./,  Ill  ,,f  Hi,     r nihil  Sirlf.s. 


Ai'uii,  in,  1^71, 


'•  I  |n\ni;i;ii  Sli;  :  —  I  )i>tiii;j.-iiislii(l  iiicii  in  (listiiifrnisliiii'^  nOicc  :iro 
liosi't  wiili  too  iiiMiiV  ll;iticrcis  mill  licar  tuo  ['"W  tnitli-tclk'rs.  Aiiil 
Vi't.  to  rulers  of  iiifii,  i';ict>  iii'c  ii-;  iiiilis|ic'iisiil)Ic  ;i»  toinl. 

•'■  ^'(llll•  iiiiswcr  1(1  ( Ifiicral  Jiuckiirr,  in  ISiL'.  drew  my  uttcntion 
to  voii.  ;iiiil  I'lilisti'il  iiiv  confiilciMM'  iind  ;_'o()(l  wislics.  Voiir  niilitju'y 
{•■A<i\  however,  ;is  vou  know,  is  iiiiulc  ii])  in  tlu'  ri'Coi'(l  of  tlic  rise  nml 
I'all  ui"  an  nnlioiv  I'eliellion.  And  iiov..  in  tlic  liiirli  olliee  wliieli  is  the 
)ii'n|ile">  rewa/(l  for  ser\  iees  rendiTed  iheni  in  the  liehl,  in  a  crisis 
which  |)iit  in  ien|iai'd_v  ihe  aspirations  of  niaid^iml.  voii  are  a;£ain  on 
trial,  this  time  as  ('ivii  MaLristrate,  char^rcd  willi  the  admini.-tration 
of  tlie  all'aiis  of  a  LH'eat  nation. 

"And  now  to  the  jiurpose  of  this  letter,  which  is,  to  caution  yoii 
to  lieware  of  Britisli  diploniiicv,  which,  like  all  Hnropeaii  diplomacy, 
lilei'ally  tran.-laled.  i>  ^inlply  l;iitni  itrmriliihi  to  hiif  ! 

'•'file  l)i'niinion  of  ('iniada  wa<  eoneeived  in  hostility  to  tin,'  United 
States:  and  Ainei'iean  >tatesnu'n  owe  it  to  their  posterity  to  sunder 
the  zone  ot  liritish  territory  which  Hanks  the  Hopuldic  on  the  north, 
anil  ha-  ii-  terunid  in  tlii"  far  apart  islands  of  Newfouinlland  and 
\  aiicouver. 

■••The  treaty  of  the  I'.tli  .lune.  iSdO.  hetwccn  the  ridted  Slates 
and  (ireat  llriiain,  which  snriendert'd  an  (i/i/mr/iniif//  to  al»ut  our 
houndary  aL'ain-t  Jliis-ia.al  •")4  4"'.  to  which  liiu'  Polk  and  iJiiehanati 
avowed  that  our  title  was  'clear  and  unt|iie>lionalile,'  is  ji  standini^ 
shame  to  Anieiican  >latesnnnisliip.  And  the  iiitei'i)retatioii  siiitsc- 
nueiitlv  irivcn  to  that  treatv,  hv  (ireat  l>ritain.  to  cover  the  island 
of  San  Juan,  is  a  les>on  which  should  not  lie  I'orLrotten  at  this  tinu'. 

"1  have  lieen  in  Mnu'laml.  ami  do  not  much  Wonder  at  the  temper 
of  its  waning  ridiiiL'  clas>  towards  the  L'niti'd  State.-,  dealousy.  ciivy, 
covclcmsness  ure  feelings  dillicult  of  eradication.  The  United  States 
arc  ovei'.-hadowiiiii;  the  l>rili.-h  I>les.  Hn^fland's  i)owcr  is  faded  on  tlu' 
continent,  and  she  i<  in  dri'iid  lest  her  hoarded  wealth  he  molested. 

••  l)Ut  in-tead  of  loikin_:.i  to  Africa,  Australia,  etc.,  foi-  new  fields 
and  new  markets,  she  continually  ainrs  to  cloir  and  thwart  what,  to  a 
comprehensive  vision,  is  the  "manifest  de-<tiny"  of  these  States. 

'•If  lireat  l.ritain  were  driven  out  of  American  waters,  the  two 
nations  could,  ihereafici',  lie  hrou;ihi  into  relations  of  ircnuinc  frater- 
inty.  And  until  that  event  takes  place,  or  Hritidi  rule  lie  limited  to 
territory  ea-t  of  Lake  Superior,  tip'  American  heart  which  may  yeani 


'j1 


ti)  iiinl  ill  <  If(';;t  l>rit;iin  ii  Mi'tJn  r  i'mnilrii,  will  cotifimn'  to  fluil  iii-^tciiil 
a  .-tcii-iiiotlicr  coiiiitiT  ;j:iV('Ii  tn  iiHiciiiii>  iiitcnm'(l(lliii;j;. 

"  r>i'ili-li  Icrritdi'V  ciiimot  lie  Aiiicriiiiiii/cd  under  I'l'ili^li  rule.  ;i- 
witiH's.-  the  iiiiiiiiiis  uf  tlic  iiiilwillcis  ft'  that  <tri|i  ul'  IiiihI  liciwmi 
Nin'fiirn  inn!  I^i'tmit,  ilivciv-.  ai'i'nss  whi  'Ii  railidad  coniuaiiic-  .-cikI 
iVoii'lits  ami  iia>-cii"('r-  tn  and  \'\'<\[\  New   ^'nl■k  and   Micddiiaii. 

"  Tlif  valleys  (d'  tlif  Sa-katrlie\van  and  Kcd  llivcis  will  never  lit- 
Amn'iciinixiil  \\\\\\->\  under  flie  juia.-di(tii»n  id"  ilie  houiinion.  or  any 
otlier  IJritisli  autlidrity,  e\en  tlioMi:li.  of  necessity  (not  idioiee),  the 
railroads  which  may  traverse  them  he  connected  with  the  railroads  ut 
Minnesota. 

"  I'litish  Juri-dietinn  fosters  opiiosition  tn  the  I'nited  State>.  exactly 
as  a.  Ion:;  llritish  liorder  teiiiiil>  and  ]irfniote<  siini^LC^^lin;^-  into  tie.' 
United  States. 

''  |)i|)lomacy  and  )M)licy.  more  than  arms,  made  the  i/rrafni'Sfi  of 
Britain.  Uy  diplomacy  aiid  |Mdicy  >he  will  make  a  liail  neii:ld>or  «d" 
tin,'  honnnion  id'  (,'anada,  even  as  she  makes  corruiit  tools  in  the 
\Vashin;iton  lohhy. 

"Do  not  mi>!ake  me.  lam  not  an  enemy  to  (Ireat  llriiain.  On 
the  contrarv.  1  appreciate  the  hiilwark  <hr  maile  lier-elf  against  the 
roactioiiarv  revidmioii-  and  u>urpations  of  the  continent.  Never- 
theless, (ireat  Ihitain  mu>t  he  made  to  'accept  tlic  situation'  in  the 
Xew  Woidd.  and  to  hack  out  of  the  \\ay  of  American  t'.\pan>ioii  and 
pro;.,n-e.«s. 

''You,  Yourself,  know  fidl  weU  tiiat  what  Orcat  Urilain  did  dnrin,i;- 
the  rehellioii.  prolonu'ed  the  rchellion:  that  her  acts,  alike  ol'omi.-sioii 
as  of  commission,  clis(dosed  an  im[iaticnce  tn  seethe  (  nion  dissevered; 
that  she  did  ronsr  the  di.-appearance  of  American  shipping;-  from  the 
ocean  carrvintr  trade  !i<'tween  .Vmcricaii  ami  foreign  ports.  \ni 
know,  too,  that,  lu  fore  the  American  juililic.  (ireat  P.ritain  is  under 
hufictmi'ut.  And  now.  finally,  what  the  American  people  havi'  a 
ri<dit  to  expect  is,  that  jlriti^h  diplomatists  shall  not  once  more  liitm.- 
hlKJ  A)l)i'ri''ilH  i>iilltirlitiix  ! 

"Seward's  Alaska  purchase  and  diplomatic  e.\))ulsion  of  the  French 
from  ■Me.xict)  will  Jointly  perpetuate  his  statesmanship. 

''What  ))a^c   in  American   history  is  more  ^//y'('/'^0(<    than   Jeller- 
suu's  aciiuisition  of  Loui.-iana? 
"Polk's  administration  aci[ 


iiired  (  alil'irnia — a   most   \ 


loteii 


tial   and 


hut   the  rreaiv  of  the  I'uh  dune,  ISMI,  with 

I 


niomentons  aiMjUi.-iiKHi 

Great  IJritain.  wa-  the  mill-stone  wliich  sunk    \nU    olilivion  the  goui 

deeds  (ji'  I'olk's  reign. 

"  L'uder  the  indictment  fouml  against  (ireat   !J;ata;n.  in  the  eiirly 
documents  of  your  aduiinistratiuu,  new.^paper  opinions,  in  Engluml, 


were  o.xpre>iHC'(l  in  deeper  (■(intritimi  than  at  present  time.  'I'licn  it 
was  even  sn;.';:('str(l,  liciT  and  tln-rc,  in  some  nf  tlic  newspapers,  tliat 
in  settlement  of  the  Aialiama  claims  liritish  ieni,.ii'v  niii^hl  le  ceilid 
to  the  riiite(l  States. 

'•  Latterly,  however,  e\poiin<lers  of  Kn^lisli  pnMie  opinion  have 
^'town  h'ss  penitent  :  and  in  lieu  of  \villin;.'ne»N  >  eat  •  hiinddi'  pie,' 
the  British  lion  is  jniekid  into  eflort  to  imitate  the  ominous  jjrowl  (d' 
yoi'e,  when  it  roameil  the  junj^le  in  India,  and  hid'ore  ii  was  made  a 
meek  (lenizi'n  (d'  the  /.ouloijieal  garden  in  London." 


As  in  present  time  thi,'  administration  cd'  Thonnis  di'llerson  is  uni- 
versally eommemled  throughout  the  L'nion  for  tlu'  aei|uisition  of" 
Louisiana,  and  liie  administration  of  -lames  K.  I'(dk  is  ci'edited  with- 
out stint  for  the  annexation  ol  To.xas  and  the  ae(|uisition  of  Californi;i, 
so  iiereiil'ter  and  in  full  nna'^nre  of  thankfulness  will  the  adndnistra- 
tioii  id"  Andrew  dnhnson  (W.  II.  Seward,  Secretary  of  ►State)  he 
praised  for  the  aecpii-ition  of  .\laska  and  the  Aleutian  Islands; 
wherehy  Hussia  and  the  L'nited  States  clasped  hands  across  Hehring 
Strait,  and  the  rover  of  tho  seas  and  sqinitter  on  islands  where  the 
owner  is  in  poverty  or  the  i;atives  ai'e  ilefenceless  is  shut  out  from 
fortifvin^  a  Malta  in  the  Noith  J'acif'e  Ocean. 

The  pri'cedent  furnished  hv  <ireat  Britain  lU  the  ruthless  extinction 
(d'  the  Transvaal  llepuhlic  in  ISTT,  and  the  anne.xatio'i  of  its  territory 
to  her  possessions  in  Africa,  woidd  justify  the  Unite(l  States,  as 
against  (ircat  Dritain.  in  converting  the  ]irovinces  of  iii'itish  Colum- 
bni  and  Manitoha  into  Territories  and  embryo  States  of  the  Uidon. 
And  why  -.Jiouhl  Hot  (ireat  ]»ritaiii  have  the  '"ingredients"  of  her 
drugged  "chalice  '  "commended  to  her  own  lips  ""? 


(MlArTKR    VIl. 

SiNC'i:  the  4ih  duly,  ITTtI,  when  the  thirteen  colonies,  all  on  At- 
laiitic  tidewater  (New  ilanip.-hii'e  the  nortlieiMimost,  Georgia  the 
southeriniio.-t.  I'enn.-ylvania  the  *"  keystone" ),  residved  themselves 
into  "  iVee  and  independent  Slates,"  marvellous  events  have  traiis- 
jiired,  teiidiiig  to  ovei'turn  dynasties,  expose  the  sham  of  kingcraft, 
and  amelioiate  the  comlitiun  of  mankind,  uiuler  ratified  treaties  and 
\\ .  itten  constitutions,. 

The  fiction  (d'  ••tin  divine  right  of  kings"  has  perished  from  the 
earth  ;  liereditary  subjects  have  wrung  concessions  from   hereditary 


1  It 

llllt 


tivc 


)IC, 

I    of 


Ull- 


ith- 

niii, 
tra- 


ms ; 
rintr 


the 
rom 


tion 
tory 
,   as 


um- 


iKill. 

her 


At- 

tl 


le 


Hves 
ajis- 
riift. 


ana 


I  die 
itarv 


rulers;   Kiirope  has   hccti    rcetil'icil    in    plaecs.   rcinoih'lh'il   in    parts 
IJii.>«sia,  (h'vehipcil  intu  a  cMld-.;!!  rivili/iiiir  pdwer,  LjrdWs  and  spreads 


(icrnuinv  is  nmnliK'il   intn  a  I 


iMniii_'t'n('iiiis  cnipire  :    Italy  is  a  cdiiipact 


ami    intact    iiatioTuilitv.      And    !■ 


raiicc.  the    lore 


-rniiit    ol"  the  v.nflds 


.«la;j:i'  when  nation*  were  in  llir  ca^t  of  •.ictniv-,  in  the  seven  years 
since  the  (iernian  war.  has  shown  uise  humility  in  calin  sell' roMiinit  ; 
has  elevated  >till  InLrher  than  hel'mc  the  ;irt>  of  peace  ;  and  meanwhile 
has  eviiieed  a  trust  in  In  r  own  eapai)ilitie>  and  resources,  under  cir 
eiiinstaiiees  and  in  ways  that  vimlicate  the  IJepiihlic,  raised  up  out  of 
till'  ruins  of  the  empire  ami  the  ashes  of  the  commune,  as  the  t'orm 
III    L''ov(  nniieiit  hcst  iitted  for  the  {'"reiicii  |ieoph'.  in  tlii-  tliir(l  i_'eneia- 


tioii  of  ;ioliliial  revolution,  furnace  ordeal  and  tierv  trial 


The  th 


irM 


Jiepuhlie,  which  denioli.^hed  the  empire  and  de-troyed  the  commune, 
its  two  enemies  and  adversaries,  one  on  either  side,  now  ~tand>""a 
pillar  (d'  (doud  hy  day  and  a  pillar  of  fire  hy  ni;^ht;'  and  no  de-pnt 
tan  make  it  vanish  nor  deuui;:o;.fue  make  it  dark. 

Trill',  the  iiKH'  (d'  i'iiildpe  is  still  freikled  with  llelin(,|,ind.  '^lalta 
and  ( liliraltar,  and  with  >pot  powers  in  eoiiri-plasier  patches  heiweeii 
iSka;:er  W.wk  and  l>n\er  >iraii,  and  hetwceii  the  rivr  rnith  and  tlie 
Stiait  of  ()iraiito.  i!iit  con>ideriiii£  how  much  has  heeii  e(Uiipa.>S(,'d 
in  the  reciilication  of  Kuropeaii  hoiindaries  in  the  last  twenty  years, 
the  prosjiecl  i>  cheerinj.;  that  the  time  is  not  distant  when  Kiirope  will 
he  apportioned  anion;:;  less  than  half  a  sc()re  of  nationalitie--  all  Cliris- 
tiaii.  the  'i'lirk  retired;  and  that  then  the  nations  id'  Kiirope  will  at 
last  he  wise  enou;i;li  to  li\c  ill  peace  with  I'acli  other,  content  to  aUow 
distant  peoples  to  irovern  themselves,  ami  leave  inti^rcontinental  inter- 
trade  to  regulations  preserihed  in  trcatii's. 

The  time  will  >oon  have  ;r(Uie  hy  foi'  jiartitioniiiLr  oil'  the  earth  ainoii^ 
dynasties   siipiiorted  sumptuously  for   hreediuLT  stock    through   royal 


niarri:i^es  for  dijilomatic  ei 


ds  ;  in  K 


iro[)e  nowadays  nationalities  com- 


mand paramount  coii>ider:ition,  and  the  reigniii<;  houses  rule  not  by 
•'divine  right,''  but  as  the  constituted  and  in.-talleil  heads  oi'  the  gov- 
erniiicnts  ;  for,  alU'i' all,  an  empire  is  hut  another  name  for  a  state, 
loeracv  to  a  deiiioeracv  the  distance  is  hut  a  hridge  of 


ami  tnuii  an  aii 


spans  on  dilTereiit  plans,  whatever  may  he  said  alxuit  eous'itutifUial 
monarchy,  with  a  pensioned  household  and  u  class  made  nohle  hy 
jiateiit,  as  it'  a  patent  of  nohility  were  a  gauge  <d"  merit,  when  it  is 
(Uilv  evidence  of  a  machine  made  lio.ior  or  a  prize-ticket  gilt  ;  tor  a 
])atenl  cannot  euiiohle  a  name  uv  make  a  name  great,  hecaii-i'  true 
i^reatness  is  the  homage  paid  hy  mankind  to  puhlie  benefactors  for 
lid  it  is  with  men  as  with  hooks  ami  battles,  only 
to  make  a  fame  or  mark  an  epoch  or  era 


unseltisli  service  :    a 


one  liere  and    there  .-crviii; 
in  the  chronology  of  time. 


•il 


(lrc:it  ivriits  ill  A iiicri'';!,  iliii-  In  icilrintic  cllnrt  ;iiiil  ><'ir-i|('iiliil, 
liiivc  wiMiiilit  fpiit  'jiMiiil  n'»iil!-i  lit  iiiii\t'i -;il  mail  iii  a  m-w  natinii  aii'l 
ill   llic  nlil   W.irhl.      The  ;XMViTlillirlit  ul'  llic  I    liitcl   Sllili'-.  Iiax  witll'tncul 

attMik  IVniii  witliDiif  !iiiil  al«n  iVnin  within.  Iia-  liail  I'Mrri.'ii  \\ai>  aii'l  a 
civil  war,  ami  wa<  *frnii;_'  i  iinii|_'|i  tn  tiiiim|ili  in  ItMili  nr>|tMU.  SlaMTV, 
tlic^rial'l  nl'  (ii-cai  Iti'iiaiii,  Iiim  Ihmh  t\iir|iatc 'I.  aii<l  iimw  tlicrc  i-  nnt 
!i  sccil  nt' ]iii«(iii  ill  llic  (Jniisfitiitiiiii  iM  ucriiiiiiati  a  |iara-ilc  ur  instify 
a  rc|Mnacli.  Ami  iliccurni|il  lol'livi^i.  liiilic-iaKcr  ami  tni't-hctriiycr, 
(lie  ciir|)Mratioii  anacuiiila  ami  the  riiin'  lina-ciinstrictor.  wmilil  fain  rc- 
lialiililatc  as  I'diisi-rvativt'.s  ;^uii(i  ;i-iT\scci|  ami  Iii»  cki'I jiit'>r«,  wlio, 
liasiiij;  ama-scil  niilliniis  cniiti'iirv  in  Imiic^tN  ami  iliily,  it"  let  alone 
ami  nnt  nmlotcil  nr  c\|insi'il,  wmilil  ailvncatc  Inw  ia\c-.  civil  service 
refnrni,  (■(•nnnniy  in  cnriinraiinn  iiiactice.  ami  "liviileml-*  to  stock- 
Inililel's.  lliit  llif  .-\Nnri|  nf  ji|>iicc  i.»  iin-ln  al  licil,  aiel  nIVentlers  fear 
lest  wlmvi'  il  niav  imi  smite  with  iis  cd^^e  it  may  sinaek  with  its  Hat 
Mv.  'I'he  iim  a>v  sinmi-  i-  the  ilislmiiot  man  t'.iiiiitl  (,iir.  Anil  t'nr 
the  hypnerite  whn  ijelivel's  liiniseli"  nf  his  iimrul  Inrture  tVniii  the  chilii- 
mv-tn|i,  ami  ilesecmls  theiiee  hy  the  line  tn  cnie|-;_'e  ■.nnteil  IVoin  the 
cellar,  nf  makes  the  editnrial  cnliiiiiii  nr  the  nllicial  cor|innitinn  report 
a.  Vehicle  I'nr  ih  i'(|iti\e  untruth,  e.xpnsiire  is  ^iire  ilis;.'race  as  contempt 
is  >iu'e  puni-hiiieiit  :  hecau-e  the  nll'emlcr  whn  iiiav  imliiriitc  his  t'aci! 
aiiil  lianish  thi'  hlii^li  iVnm  his  elieek  caniinl  'h  a'ieii  the  >ensitive 
iirrves  h.'iwi'cii  hi.>  live  Sills 's  ainl  his  nn'iilal  rellcctiniis. 

l''nr  haiikrupts  in  reputalimi  look  imt  alniie  aimm:/  ileliii(|Uent 
(lel)tnrs  in  nidinary  ami  uiinllicial  transaclinns,  hut  al-n  to  tlio>e  who 
hetrayc'l  nllicial  tni.-t.  ami  afttr  iiivesti!j;atii)n  or  trial  were  hurleil 
ilnwii  iVniu  the  iiiniiacle  of  hiuih  esteem  inln  the  ilii.-tv  W"av  where  the 
tramp  travrl>. 

A-  a  pnlitic;il  cniipliiiir  the  Cnnstitutinii  i,>  pntiiitial  tn  Imhl  tn;;ethor 
tile  train  nf  >tates  from  Maine  tn  ( 'alitnrnia  :  ami  all  the  iiiemliiiL; 
the  ( 'lUistitutinii  neeil<  is  tn  make  the  presi(h  ntial  term  six  years  in- 
stead nt"  I'niir,  remlcr  the  iin'iiiulM'nt  ineligible  tor  re-electinn,  ami 
liuaril  the  IVandiise  ami  tin'  elei-tural  return  aLtainst  tVairl. 

All  attemiits  tn  ImuikI  mvahv  in  North  Anu'rica  have  t'aileil,  tra"!- 
cally  ami  i;riinmiiiiniisly.  Mi'xii'o  iias  lia<l  twn  ciiipcrnrs,  Itiirhiilc 
ami  Maximilian,  whnse  .-hnrt  reiniis  arc  hlnmly  chapters  in  its  ovent- 
I'lil  hi'tnry  :  the  !ir-t-namei!  was  >lint  after  a  trial  in  l^JI.  the  last- 
iiamcd  wa>  .-hot  after  a  trial  in  I'^ilT:  aii(l  these  tWn  tearful  leSsons 
will  nnt  he  Inst  nii  iliplnmatists.  ai|\  einurer-  ami  <lemairi'L''iU'.s. 

Tlic  prn'j:re>s  i)\'  pnpulatimi  in  the  natinii  nf  the  l.'nilL'il  iitates  is 
withniit  iiirce'leiil.  as  will  he  seen  in  what  fnlhiw^. 

The  estimated  iiumliei'  nf  inhahitants  in  the  cnlnire-  repre.-ented  in 
the  Cniigress  ..t  I'hihnlelphia  in   ITT")  was  :],'.l<JU,UUO. 


Ai  tliiit  liinc  tlif  ciiloiiij'"*  rniikfil  in  |Mi|iiil!itinii  N'if.'iiii.i  lir-i.  Ma-^a- 
flnisi'tts  siniiiil,  l'iiiii>\  Kaiiiii  tliii'l.  Mai  \  hinl  tniiilli.  Nfw  V'irk 
WiiM  «M|iiallnl  l)V  ( 'oiitM'cticnt.  N'nilli  <'aniliiia  iiiiil  Smiili  Carnlina. 
Mai'\  laiiil  (i.iitaiiii'il  (JJ,(i;i.'i  iiiuii'  lA'  |iii|iiilat  imi  than  Nfw  Nork.  ami 
t!J,();!4  less  tliaii  I'ciiti-vlvaiiia.  Tlii'  (iriyiiial  cdloiiij's  all  aliiillcil  <>ii 
tnlcwalcr,  aiiij  aiiinii;:  ihr  iIhtc  millioiis  ul'  iiupiilafiMU  arc  inclii'li'il 
'I'nrics  \\\\n  \v(  Tf  a\('r>c  tu  iiii|f|)i'iiili'iii'('  an'l  iinii-ciuiil'alaiil'i  in  Inv'i' 
\villi  peace. 

Tlic  lii'st  census  nf  the  iiatiiiii  ni'  flie  I'liiieil  States  WHS  taken  in 
171H),  si»  tliat  in  all  tliere  liave  heeii  hhk' decennial  eensiise*.  Ite^rinnin;; 
with  IT'.'ii  aii<l  mclmlini;  I.^TO.  And  here  i:-  tiic  reeni'd  made  uf  the 
a^'^l'ei;fale  |in|iulal Kin  at  each  census: 

1T(»II.  IHlKI.  1>1(I,  IHJII.  |»IU.  l»|ll.  r-.'iK.  IXiH.  IMTII. 

:l,!L'!i,'.'l  I     .'iilliiSiiM!     7,'.';!?i,K«i|      ii.iriM.vj-.'     I'.'.Mlti.ic.'ii     i:,iii.'i, |."i:l     •.';i,|!il,s7(i    :;l,l  l-vL'l    :W,Vi'<,';7l 

Accnr(|iii:^  to  the  ninth  census  of  liie  I'nited  States,  taken  in  l^T'i. 
there  wci'e  of  nati\c-liorn  iiihfibitiinis  ;llM»<l|.l  [.L. 

F(irei;:ii-linrn  inlialiitiints  .),ii.'»T.-l!''. 

The  |io|(Mlation  of  the  I'nited  Mates.  constMiinMitly.  in  1^70  coin- 
|irised  ei;:htv-live  per  cent,  of  native-liom  and  lifieeii  per  ctiil.  ol" 
for"iiin-liorii  population. 

I'ntortiinatelv  .\iMeriea  is  a  niisicinier.  as  to  call  Knirland  Ani;lo- 
Saxon  is  a  misnomer;  fur  ( 'liristnphcr  ( '(iliiinliH'>  not  Americus 
A'espiH'iiis.  discovered  Anici'ica.  and  Kn;:land  is  Saxon-Norman,  and 
America  i-  ( 'ellic-T(  nlonie.  In  proof  of  this,  alteniion  is  invited  lo 
the  nalioiialities  id"  the  forci;j;ii-l)orn  pnpujalioii  (d'  the  I  iiitcd  States 
in  1M<). 

Iiclarid,  .  I, '•.■>.■., s.'T    '    N'TWiiv,        .  .      I  II. .'hi       .\lr\,r.,.   .  .  ,      ll',l:;"i 

All  Ueiiii;ni\,      .    i.i'.'.M).:);;;;      Sw.arii.       .  '.i;. .;:;•.'     Iii'inmuii,       .       .    ::iMi': 

Klljrjiiiiil.         .           .  .j.MI.'.IL'l  .S\\it/cil:ili.l,            .  7.'i.l.'.:i  lliil.v,         .  .  •  IT, I. '7 

All  I'.iilisli  AiucrirM,  I'.Kl.liil  All  Aii.-lriii.  71, -'i::!  I!il-iiiiii.  .  .  l'J,.'>.v; 

Sciitliiinl.      .       .  I  iii.s:'..p  Wiiirv         .        .  7\.-y:,:;  W'l-i  In.lii-.  .  .  ll.irn 

jMiiiicc,        .       .  ilii.iHL'  riiii t;:;,iii2  Uii--i.i.   .  .  .  t.i'ii 

The  llrsi  i,:ittlv'  '.'  the  revolution  was  foiiLdit  at  Lexington.  Massa- 
chusetts. April  1!>,  177.').  On  the  iMth  Octoher.  17M.  Lord 
Cornwallis  with  his  army  surrendered  to  (leiieral  Washinixtoii.  at 
"N'orktown,  \'iri:iiiia.  Provisional  Artieh's  of  Peace  were  si,triied 
Kuvemher  :')l>,  17Si'.  An  agreement  that  all  hostiiities  should  eca-e 
>vas  si-ned  daniiarv  l^'L  17>o.  <  »n  the  iMlh  .d'  April.  17^■•!.  exactly 
C'i'dit  Years  after  the  hattle  at  LexiiiLMon.  which  o[ieio  d  the  war,  a 
])ro(danialion  of  peace  was  issued  hy  W  a>hiiiu:;oii. 

Fi-om  tiie  a(diievemeiit  of  Indepciidence  the  American  IJcpuldic  has 
been  an  atiraclioii  to  immigrants,  particularly  from  Indaiid  .and 
Germany  ;  and  from  these  Celtic  and  Teutonic  sources  the  Union  hus 


(>(; 


(Icrivcfl  flic  liiilk  1)1"  its  Inrciiiii.  the  l»;i>is  nf  its  native  popnhitioii. 
AihI  n-^  till'  i>-.-iii' ui'  fiti'ciirii  |i;n'i'iit-^  .'ire  luitivc  Aiiicriciins,  niid  tlio 
I  idn  ~s  (if  I'lisidii  liiis  liccii  ill  n|)criilii)ii  since  l']iirM|)('  ]i('(i]ili'il 
Amcncii's  sIk'its,  the  Anifi'iciiii  race  is  ;i  <  'i/tif-Ti  iifuiiir,  noi  mi 
AiiL'lii-SiiMin  tv]>('  III'  tlic  liuiiinii  s|iccics.  Ii  \v;is  tlic  Nni-ni.iii  i:riil't 
tli.it  in;iil(    llri'aiii  irfcat.      Ami  where  the  Noniiaiis  Lrral'led  there  thev 


grew. 


What  happeiud  lo  Adiuii  aiel  his  iiosterity  may  bo  left  to  liisti)- 
riaiis,  ])i'o])hets,  and  ]ii'eaeliers  to  descant,  for  an  initial  in  Noah  and 
the  ark-liiad  whieii  he  landed  on  Ararat  ;  since  this  lirings  us  d  >\vm  tu 
a  |ieriod  relatively  modern,  and  irives  the  human  I'auiily  a  new  dejiart- 
are  iVnin  Ariiu  nia,  not  far  from  Eden  and  all  in  Asia. 

The  dominion  of  Canada,  organized, as  a  ]iro|iaganda,  eaniu)t  crown 
a  ruler,  install  a  dynasty,  nor  iiiaimt'aeture  an  aristocracy  l»y  jiatent- 
riglit ;  lor  exotic  shoots  iVom  royal  roots,  or  >iukers  from  nohle  stumps, 
do  not  sj)rout  alter  transjilant  to  North  America,  where  old  States 
sow  pioneers  and  new  States  grow  from  liouie  increa.se  and  European 
overtlow. 

The  Union  is  the  product  not  of  hirthriirht  but  of  honest  industry, 
Chi'istian  toleration  and  educated  si  If-reliancc.  The  jcople  reign 
and  the  ]ieople  rule;  and  incumbents  of  conspicuous  oilice,  not  eon- 
.^piciious  lor  merit,  may  tla.>li  in  the  jiolitical  sky  like  a  ri>ckct  in  the 
night  ;iir,  but  are  sure  to  disappear  from  jiublic  ollice,  jiublic  consider- 
ation, and  public  sight.  True,  parasites  abound  in  ])olitical  life  as  in 
animal  ami  vegetable  life;  but  dishoiu'sry  begets  opprobriuu;,  and  the 
unlailhful  jiiiblic  servant  sinks  into  obscurity  and  is  heard  of  no  more, 
save  to  ••  jioint  a  moral  and  adorn  a  tale."  'i'o  be  sure  iiKjiiev  will 
buy  praise,  but  the  promiscuous  llalterer  is  liki'  thi'  lly  which  Icavi'S  a 
sjieck  of  ilirt  where  it  finds  a  grain  of  sugar. 

The  lobust  man  is  not  always  healthy  in  all  his  vital  organs,  but 
the  ttiidcncv  o['  iialui'c  is  to  health,  and  unless  the  wron!i  medicine  is 
administered  he  soon  recovers. 

So  the  Jiolitical  lunly  may  not  be  jierfect  in  all  its  parts,  vet  it  niav 
be  complete  in  iiio>t  ot'  its  functions,  ami  only  need  repair  where  there 
is  discovered  imperfection.  The  duration  id' oilice  is  limiteil,  and  con- 
slitutioiis  and  laws  are  open  to  amemliiieiit.  The  bullet  is  the 
unthiiiking  instriiiiieiit  of  force,  used  against  the  subject  if  he  claim 
the  rights  which  it  is  the  duty  o['  the  ciii/eii  to  exercise.  Man  can 
nowhere  be  free  but  in  a  republic.  And  if  the  subjeet  boast  of  the 
jiiire  IiImimI  of  Ins  |i;  jnce,  the  citizi'ii  can  cite  the  piinr  bluod  of  the 
vi.ee-horse,  which  recei\fs  a  pliy-ical  training  superior  to  a  ]irince 
in  paternal  antecedents  ami  safeguards  against  indiilgeiiees  ami  indis- 
crelions. 


fiT 


Asa  lari'c  |H'i'ct'iit;iL'<'  of  tlic  |iati'iii  mcilicno  solil  in  tlic  >lin|ps  aic 
(|iiark  hoslniiiis,  so  a  l;ii-c  ]M'i'(riilau-c  .if  patciit  titlr-l)c;ir('i>  ;iic  >]iiii-i- 
i>iis  ciiiiiikhiikIs.  I;i1)(H(i1  III  circiilaic  at  a  Micial  |»rici  almvc  iMlrin-ic 
value.  And  till'  diviiri'"  courts  of  I'luropc  attest  lliat  ti'Ui|it<il  \iriu<' 
ifs  sotni'tiiiics  weak  to  resist  vice  as  well  ■where  r.ink  is  ai-(|iiireil  liv 
iiilieritaiici'  in  circles  proi"e<  dly  exclusive  as  aMlnn^'  less  pretentious 
Jieiiple. 

En^lland  ))roduce(l  Sliakspeiire.  America  ]iroduced  Wnsliin^ton. 
Neitliei'  of  tlie^e  iniMi  inlierileil  a  title,  vet  each  lel't  a  fame  that  time 
l)ri^litens.  as  roy;dt\'  dim-,  in  the  shailuws  of  ••cnuiinL;  events." 

A  liviuLT  hody.  the  )i1;im''I;u'\'  system,  the  universe  of  God,  are  all 
iiiacliines  in  nmiinn.  (i[ier;itinL::  tn  the  -chedule  of  the  Suprenie  intelli- 
iienee.  the  ('re:itoi'  of  the  eiirtli  and  of  Adam  in  Kdeii.  and  .■di  thing's 
l)et\veen  and  heyond  the  DUti'rniiKt  orhs  in  space.  \i>dde  thrmi'di  the 
iiia;j:nifyiii,ir  :iids  to  science  iind  j'eseai  'h. 

The  asti'onoun'r  contem)ilates  the  lie;ivens  and  is  filled  with  adora- 
tion of  the  Milker  of  the  hrmameiit.  The  statesman  with  his  fuller 
revt)lve,s  a  hall  inajipetl  with  the  natimis  of  the  wurld.  and.  eontrast- 
iiig'tho  iuiperfect  iiiachiiiery  nf  human  ^^nvernnieiit  with  the  order  in 
iiat'  re,  a|i|ilies  him.-elf  to  the  imjiruveiiK'iit  and  aj^grandi/.ement  of 
his  ciitiiitry. 

The  iiatKUis  of  Kiirii]ie.  thniiuh  the  i-.-ui.'of  a  new  depariiu'e  out  of 
Noah's  ark  in  Armenia,  after  tin'  deliiLTc,  ;ire  nevertheless  a  spread- 
out  of  ])atelies  cut  with  swnids  and  held  in^eiher  with  trealv  ta])e; 
and  in  this  patchwork  nf  centuries  {•vcyy  rent  makes  two  '•  laii^ed 
edges,"  one  <ii"  which  is  pieced  uiit.  the  other  cut  auav.  as  wlieii  Savoy 
ami  Nice  were  sci.-sored  IVniii  lt;ily  ;ind  lilted  tn  l""r,i!ice.  ,-iiid  Alsaci' 
iind  linrrainc  were  swnrded  frniii  l'"ranca'  ;iiid  seweil  ti>  (ienminv. 

()r  Inter,  as  when  the  lierlin  <'Mnu're-~s  in  l^7S  donated  to  .\ii-tri;i. 
lor  riMSons  not  fniinded  in  truth  imr  lA'  a  iustifvin:::  nature,  the 
Turkish  provineo  i>\'  i'.osnia  and  Iler/,e;^>i\  ina,  foi-  Austria  did  milhiiij; 
•whilst  IJii.-sia  and  Turkey  were  at  war,  hut  chorus  with  (Jreai  lint  lin 
in  hliister  and  prepariitinii,  imt  huwever,  iis  the  seipiel  .-how-,  tn  ni.dii 
l{u--ia  and  'i-k  an  I'liirnpc'in  (■iiiillaj.r.itiini.  Imt  to  steal  IVnm  Tnrkev 
in  its  extremity:  hei-.-iu-e  it  \\a-  clear  th;it  Uiis-ia  wmiid  im:  vacate 
JJessaraiiia.  Uatoiim  ov  K;irs.  h;i\iiiLr  vainpii-hed  Turkey  in  w.ir  ended 
by  the  tieaty  of  San  Stefam*  hetwecn  the  i\mi  iMllieerents.  And 
therefore,  (rreat  l»ril;iiii  and  Austria  ncLT'ili^ited  and  threatened  in  the 
intere-t  nf  Turkey,  a-ain-t  !iii--ia  and  the  San  Stelanii  treaty,  till 
till'  map  of  Turkey  was  lectilied  h}'  the  IJiilin  (,'oii::-re---.  whudi  por- 
tioned otf  liosiiia  and  ]Ier/.(\;j.oviiia  to  Aii-tria.  and  (ileal  IJntain 
ohtaiiied  ('vpni-  l-laiid  ihroiiLi'h  a  ,-eeret  treaty. 

Turkev's  \oliiiitcci-   alloinevs   divideij   iiart    of  their  elieiil's  as>ets 


IpN 


liftwccti  llicDisclvcs.  Mini  tlicii  ('(iiiciliiitrd  iliiir  ])liiii(lcr(Ml  tliipu  w  itli 
the  cxciisc.  lli;it  il  li;iil  licllri'  |j;ii't  Willi  Ilu-iii.i  iiliil  1 1 1  r/.(':L:<i\  iliil  to 
Aiislfi;!  mill  ('vpriis  Uliiiid  to  (ircal  i'>rit;iiii,  lli.'iii  (-iriy  out  with 
IJiis-i;i  the  |ii-ovisiniis  of  tlic  S;iii  SicImiio  treaty.  And  when  the 
iJriliii  ('oniriMxs  |ir("-iMilH'd  f'oi'  Austria's  !i;:^randi/('in('iit,  \\<  •' niaii- 
datf"  wa"  ciiiiivalciit  iu  di<lioucsl_v  to  a  uiilitarv  ordor  to  liillci  ti'oops 
in  a  liank  to  iiiauipulatc  its  alVaii'-.  Ifst  tliicvfs  iiiii:Iit  I  rcak  into  its 
vaults  and  steal  its  deposits.  It  is  l»eeaii>e  tin-  diplomacy  of  Kmopo 
is  Dpi  r.'ited  in  tlie  interest  ot'  dynasties,  souietinie<  iu  ilisrcLrai'd  of  tin' 
populations  i.fovi'riied,  that  extn  iiie  opinions  ai'e  |iroiaulu':ited  thfoULrii 
secret-  societies,  and  inipenal  I'uleis  live  iu  political  t\viii;:ht  and  intid- 
leettial  uniot. 

in  h'prse-poW'.'r  times  ^.'one  hy.  the  weight  of  a  four-footed  auiiiial 
on  a  treadinill  which  tiirru'd  under  il<  feet  propidhd  a  hoat  across  a 
i'crry,  ami  c:ius((|  jij^ht  inuchiiiei'v  to  umve  iu  a  mill:  hut  nowadays 
the  >te;iiii-ei|ir|||,.  li;nils  trains  (>['  car-  o\  er  luiuintains,  jiropels  ships 
acitiss  seas,  ami  ilrives  Idoiiis  iu  I'letories.  And  as  the  steaiu-eniriiie 
is  a  iimtor  iii  machinery,  so  is  the  hallot  a  uiotor  iu  lioveiiiiueiit.  The 
sceptre  IS  no  loU'^ei'  a  ma:_dc  wand  :  and  the  one-man  power  in  a  cr<iwu 
is  falliiii.'  into  disUse  afler  the  one-horse  power  on  tlu'  treadmill  ;  for 
this  is  a  practical  :i_'e,  and  a  wocjdcii  hj;iire-head  is  an  ahdiidiiation  iu 
the  sij_r||i  ,|f  ihiukiiiL'  man.  who  associates  the  idea  with  a  vessel  iu 
water,  where  a  li;:iire-li(  ad  does  not  luteid'ere  w  it!i  the  hi.w-prit  noi' 
impair  the  discipline  of  the  erew  on  hoard. 

lustitiitioiis  inlliieiiee  the  iniuds  id'  iiieii  as  (diiiiatc  ail'ects  crops  iu 
the  -roiin  1.  There  must  he  an  even  start  ^r  there  can  he  no  fail-  raci-. 
I  o  he  hoiii  Iree  and  cipnl  in  the  law  is  ;i  stimulus  to  elVort.  and  hence 
iu  a  repiihlie  the  honest,  earnest  man  moves  on  even  in  the  front,  in- 
ciirrin;^-  I'isks  and  I'lijoyiinx  reward-. 

The  producli(Uis  of  an  aralde  helt  of  laud  outstretcliiiii;  uorth  ami 
smith  aeiMs.v  twenty  deirrecs  of  latitude,  say  fnuii  (Jalvestoii  iu  Texas 
to  I'l  iiihina  in  MiniieMita.  are  oi'  very  many  more  varietie<  than  the 
prodiietioiis  of  ;i  hell  ilue  east  and  West  acro-s  t wcntN -fi\ c  de^-fecs  of 
l()n<:itude.  .say  from  Winnipeg,'  to  the  I'acilic  waters,  iu  the  hoininion 
ot    Canada. 

'I  he  latter  side  of  Maiiitolia  is  its  south  side,  open  to  the  suti  ami 
zephyr,  which  thaw  its  surfaia-  to  its  isothermal  limit,  and  ;.nve  it  ;i 
seasiui  for  aLTrieiilture.  Manitoha  will  he  I'orceil  hy  necessity  to  cul- 
tivate a  trade  .-oiilhwaril.  heeause  the  staples  n['  which  it  mav  produce 
a  surplus,  over  home  con-umpiion.  will  he  vi  rv  few;  whereas  the 
states  sniith  III  .Maniloha  ;.now  oats,  ^jrasses.  I've.  harlev.  potatoes 
and  wheat  ;  and  aNn  corn,  lla\,  hemp,  tid.acco.  rici-.  siii^ar  cane  and 
cotton;   vcL'clahlcs  and  fruits,  too,  are  iu  hoiuidh-si  pr(d"iision. 


(•*.) 


ill  voritv  tlic  CMpiicity  of  tlic  Missi<;si]t])i  li;i<iii  for  |ii'0(liiftioii  is 
Ix'voiiil  otimalc  Iiy  n\'iliii;ir_v  ciilciilal ioii  ;  fu'.  llioii_'li  the  t-arth  is 
pif)|>Icil  over  its  (■ircuiiifcn'iM'c.  onc-tliinl  ]i;irt  of  it>  iiilialiitants  ilwcll 
ill  Cliiiia  |iio|pci-.  wiiliiii  ail  ai'ca  Init  little  lai'L'rr  than  the  Mississiiipi 
liasiii,  aiiij  not  so  iariH'  as  the  joint  area  of  the  Mississi|i|ii  liasin  and 
the  tliiriccn  oritxinal  States;  in  other  words,  onc-tliird  of  tiic  wliolo 
liimian  familv  dwell  in  loss  space  than  that  portion  of  the  Inion  whieh 
is  cast  of  the  Hocky  Mountains  I 

In  InTI.  Kn^dand,  within  its  area  of  ."lO.'.ii^l*  sipiare  miles  (Minne- 
sota is  larirer  than  Knixlaiid  and  Sedihinil  tOL'ether).  eontained 
'il.d'.i.').!;'.!  of  pupiilation.  Ami  (iiear  Urdaiii  timl  Ircdand.  eom- 
jirisin^  Kn!_daiid.  Wales.  Scotland.  Ireland.  Isle  of  Man  and  ('iianml 
Islands,  altogether  lliJ.'ilS  si|iiai'e  iiiile-i  (the  area  of  Minnesota  and 
]owa,  jointly,  is  l:i>i.r)7d  mile^i.  in  1^71  eontained  a  population  of 
^)1.S^)T.•■!•■>.S.  Tlie>e  sizes  are  sui:;xcstive.  Iiecause  in  ITT",  nne  hun- 
dred ami  one  Vears  prior  to  the  census  >\\'  l^Tl.  Kiii:liiiid  and  Wales  eon- 
tained  a  joint  population  id'  only  T.4 J^i.C'Hl.  In  the  lieLriiiniiiL'  of  the 
proeiit  cenliiiy  (ls'>l|,  the  populaiinn  ii{'  ••  Limdon  and  siihiirhs "' 
was  ^()4.^4.')  ;  in  l>>T<l  ihi'  population  of  New  York  city  was  'd-llijliUli, 
and,  ii.eludiiij:  its  suliurli<,  alioiit  I  .T">".'Ni()  ;  ^o  the  United  States,  in 
IST".  contained  a  lar^'er  city  than  Kurope  eiiitained  in  1^(11,  nni- 
w  ithstamliii;:  the  aiiti(piity  (.!'  its  capital  cities  and  trade  ceiiire*. 

I'liiladeljihia.  to<i,  i>  de-tiiied.  from  natural  causes,  to  he  a  city  of 
very  hiiLTe  po])iilation  ;  it  i>  on  a  deep  and  hroad  tidal  I'iver.  aii<l  is 
('iicir(de<l  hv  L'ardeii  coiintrv  o|'  uneipialled  fertility;  is  in  close  prox- 
imitv  to  mineral  re::i<Mis  that  supply  cheap  fuel  and  couiuiand  the  sea- 
hoard  market  :  is  a  focus  (d'  eoinmunication>  to  the  sea,  the  lakes,  the 
cotton  States,  the  Mi>i<i>sippi  hasin.  and  the  Pacific  coast;  linally, 
]*liiladelphia  is  a  city  of  cheap  Ikuiics  and  teeniiiii;'  maiket<.  ami  its 
Vdrkiiiii  population.  >kille(l  in  an  intinity  of  aii-;.  pro-^eculed  in  e^tah- 
li-hnieiits  of  all  si/.e^.  from  irrouml  plan-  thai  cover  acres  to  an  attic 
iloiu'  a  lew  feel  -ipiare.  ha\i'  opp.irMiiiit  ies  fi.r  ciuintry  recreation  in 
its  parks  :  for  the  ediieatioii  uf  cliiMreii  in  its  schools;  and  for  the 
instruction  and  entertainmeiit  of  everyhody  in  it.-  churches,  lihraries 
and  juihlic  places. 

I'hiladelphia  contain-  hut  a  comparatively  .-mall  percent a^ife  of 
l'orei;:ii-oorii.  i^  iiiteii-eiv  American  in  it.-  political  -eiitimeiii-.  and  if 
Ics.-  met  lojiolilaii  in  appcaiance  and  fi.-liioii  than  it-  iicimIiIku'.  i-  more 
American  in  it-  |iroeli\  itie-  and  moi'(>  multifarious  in  its  manulac- 
ture^.  And  toi'tunate  i-  it  for  the  whole  cuiiiitry  that  the  cities  of 
>i'i'W  ^■ol■k  and  I'liiladelphia.  and  the  Stales  of  New  York  and  I'eiiii- 
svKaiiia.  so  near  lo;^ctlier  in  !j;c'>;:ra)iliy,  are  -o  ditlereiit  in  character- 
istie.-   and   employment-;    lor   a.-    ••familiarity   lir<;eds   I'oniempt,"   so 


TO 


siiiiiliirit V  lirccds  iinlill'd'Oiicc,  Ixtmii-i'  "  viirioty  is  tlic  s|iic('  of  lift'-." 
;iii(l  so  wlicii  New  Ynik  iiml  Pliiliulclpliiii  ;ire  ('(disiilcrcd  tuLrctlicr.  their 
flinV'rciiccs  iiiT  liiiscs  fur  inlcrcuiirsi'  ami  iiilrrtrailc.  as  the  (lillcrciircs 
IiiJtwccii  two  iiatinii,>  furiiisli  ^.Tdiiinlwurk  lor  coiiiincrcial  treaties; 
since  two  natioi.s  that  ;j:rii\v  the  saiiio  staples,  inaiiiifactiiri'  tlic  same 
things  ami  deal  in  the  same  nierchamlisc,  liavo  notliihi:;  to  iiiterchaniro, 
no  ground  Irr  conijironiiso.  no  )dea  i'or  reciproeation.  A  nation  that 
buys  oiitsido  of  its  Ijoi'ders  must  <ell  outside  of  its  borders,  else  trea- 
sure instead  of  llowinix  inward  uill  he  drained  outward;  hut  as  no 
iiiitioii  ean  supply  all  its  own  want-,  every  nation  must  huy  in  foreiirn 
markets;  and  tlie.-e  nece»,-ities  are  the  true  hases  of  international 
iiitertrade.  Thus  the  rnited  States  is  a  buyer  of  eofllee,  ten  ami 
sui'ar,  and  a  seller  of  cotton.  breadstuHs,  oil.  and  provisions;  true, 
there  are  .scores  of  other  articles  besides  rlioe  in  the  catalomie  of  the 
foreiirii  trade  of  the  I  nited  State-,  hut  the  articdes  named  eonstitiito 
the  principal  items  in  the  import  ami  export  lists.  ( )f  the  manufac- 
tures of  iron,  cotton  aiel  wool  the  I'liited  States  import  less  and  less 
Irom  vear  to  year;  and  herein  is  where  the  shoe  ]unches  (Jreat  IJri- 
laiii.  Avhich  covets  the  American  market,  and  so  preacdu'S  I'ree  trade; 
to  dis-uade  America  from  followiiiir  in  Uriti.-h  footsteps  tlirou;fh  a 
period  (d"  jirotectioii,  till  its  manufactures  weri'  established  and  it.s 
labor  trained. 

The  nati\e  American  and  the  foreign-born  citizen  liotli  know  and 
appreciate  tiie  condition  of  the  suhjei-t  in  Murope  too  well  to  permit 
the  lawyer-politician,  or  any  one  el<e  in  ( 'on^ress.  to  voti'  awav  pro- 
tection to  American  labor,  not  -o  much  I'or  the  benefit  of  the  I>ritisli 
laborer  as  the  ISritish  aristocrat,  whose  established  ^^'^v^',  made  up  of 
dukes.  mar'|iiises.  earls,  viscounts,  barons,  own  the  land  and  enjoy 
the  luxiirii's  of  life. 

The  maiiufacturiiii:'  ]ilaiit  now  in  operation  in  the  Fnited  States  is 
of  so  large  capacity  thn'  'lie  competition  i-  sulfieieiitly  active  Ix'twceii 
the  home  manipulator,  I  our  own  staples;  so  free  trside  means  op- 
pression to  the  Auu'rican  hdiorei'  and  loss  of  American  capital  investe(l 
in  iiia(diim'ry,  because  in  ilreat  l>ritain  labor  is  impotent  for  its  own 
protection  a,::aiiist  the  aristocracy  which  i-  above  it,  as  a  weather-vane 
on  a  church  >teeple  i-  aliove  its  fouiidation-slone. 

The  Northern  I'aeific  Railroad  Company,  in  its  general  account, 
which  has  a  total  of  .Sl47.-2o l.lil 2  on  .S:iO,,")i.'),s,s:;  (dnirged  to  eon- 
stiiiction  and  eiiuipment.  twice  the  nn)ney-cost  of  road  built  and 
e(|iiipped,  has  this  iiem  : 

"Assets  aeipiiied  umlef  de-rce  of  C(uirt.  >!44, '.'•!*!, "iS."',.'" 

'J'licse  a-sets  doubt  hss  eonsi-l   mainiv   ol'the  par  o|"  shares  or  Innids 


71 

mostly  lioiiiis.  iiiid  not  coiivcrtilde  into  mon(\v  .-it  any  price  wortliy  of" 
con>i(l('r;ition.      Yet  tli<'  item  li;is  "millions  in  il" — in  tlie  l>(i()k<  I 

(ircMt  l>rit;iiii  iiiiilniihrcilly  i-^  posscssod  of  prodii^iuii-;  wciiltli.  par- 
ticularly if  it<  invi'stnicnts  at  lioini'  ami  ahrnail  liu  fniinicil  at  ]iar  : 
biiL  (ircMt  Uritain  is  a  small  CMiintry,  whilst  its  iiivt'stniciits  arc  in  all 
parts  of  the  (•.■u'tli.  from  wliicli  the  principal  of  money  loaned  can 
never  he  recalled.  I"ur  certificates  of  loan  are  cut  out  and  off  liy  foi'e- 
closure,  sale  and  reor;^ani/.ation,  and  hankruptcy  is  a  s|i()ii^e  that 
ohliterates  hook  accounts. 

(ircat  Uritjiin.  too.  Im-:  a  foreitru  traile  which  diminislu's  in  jirofit; 
and  so  iVoui  its  forei::n  invc^tuu'nts  and  its  foici:.''!  triide  l>rili-h  in- 
come is  reduced.  Thus  (ireat  l>ritaiii  is  meiiaceil  with  loss  in  its 
capital  and  in  its  trade. 

The  exceptionally  favoralde  comlition  of  the  for*  ii^n  trade  of  the 
United  States  in  recent  years  will  appear  in  the  i.>llowing  exhiiut  id' 
the  imports  and  exports  for  the  last  four  oilicial  years,  compiled 
from  reports  of  the  (.'hief  of  the  Uiireau  of  Statistics: 


\i-.>y  i-\\<\f[  .luiii'  .'111 

llcilMC.-tic     K.\|lill1..'-  —  .Mcl'l-llllll'li-c 

iriliicM'il  tu  i^iilil  value.-.    .     .     . 

I>(]|1H-Iii-  .S|ir.-ir 

'I'uhil  |iiiiii.-tii-  l':\|M>rts     .     .     . 

l''iirriL'ii   i;.\|iort.---Mi'i-iliMii'li>^c,  . 
"  S) il'.    . 

'i'nl,,l    I'nll'ii;!!    Ivvpiirl-i 

Aj:;;rcj;alc  i;\|iiirl,- 

Im|Miits — .Moii'liaii'lisc 

Iiii]>iirt£ — S|ic(ii' 

'I'lilal   I'mii  i;:il    llii|M.i't-: 

Si  mm  <  l.■^  . 
lv\|Miit.<  IVniii  tlic  I  iiiti'il  Stall-. 
llll|iiuis  liilii  llir  1  iiih'il  Slair-,   . 

K.\1!0.«S    (if     lv\|lHlt.<    (HIT    ||M|MI||-. 


is:.-,, 


I --70. 


1S77. 


|s7S. 


si'.i'.i.l!-^  I.luii    .s,",:.>.i,,')SL'.L>i7!  .■j;.').-<H.ri7ii.l'L' r  sn->ii.r,s;;.:i,is 
s;;.s,-,7.r_>'.i       ."lO.ic'.s.iiiii!       t:;.i:ii,7.")S       l't.h.M.'.is.) 


■is:;.i  ii.i'i'ii   s.)7,',.t;2ii,',i:!s  .si'>;iL',siii,!ii)2   .-^7117, 7:;-^, 7^- 


■I  I. !.■>-. i;i  I     .-1  i.>iiL'.r.M|    siiJ.Mii.ii'.Mi,    si  i.L'iMi.iiij 
■>.L'7.i.iil:i         c.ii;:,!;!!'      i:'.iii;7,l'.''.i|        r>,ti7>.-'in 


L'i;.i.;:!.i>:.M       L'i.L'7ii,ti;;.) 


26..s;!L',  I'.i.".]       •Jii.>«7s.til2 


sriii.,,.".7 i.s.'i:;    s.v.hi.si.iii.ht:',!  sii.'is.ik'm. I.i7  s7i.'s,r,i 7, n'.i 

_ 

.i;;:!,iiii.',.i.-;r.      iriii,7il.l',Hi:  i.il.:;l.i.'.i'.i-.'  i::7.ii'.i7,i.'::7 

i'ii,'.iiiu,7l7       i.,.'.i.;i;.ii--i  HI. 771. 11 1  •-".'. -1' 1. :;  I :! 


S"i.'»:'-,!H)(i,l."i:;   .■<l7ii.i'77,'>7r  !*l!V.'.(i',Mi.4(Hi    ?;|iiii.'.i|s,,,,,o 


1S7.'.. 


1>^7I'). 


1S7 


-iiii.i..i7  l.s.i;;    s."iiiii,--'.Mi.',t7:',    sij.'(S.ii:;7.i.n 


HT.s. 
^72s.r,i7.l'.'.-> 


...".:;. '.iiHi. 1,1:;      I7ii.ii77.»^7l      I'.iJ.ii'.iit.  iiH).     It'll..'.!  I  <,...)!) 
.-•.il,iiii.'>.7iMi    srjii,u'l:;,lii:i(  .sii)(i,J17,ii.')r  .'SL'i;i,ii!is.,s7.'t 


Here,  in  \eiMtv,  is  a  pi'mfress  to  he  proud  ol.  for  no  other  initioii 
can  approxiiiiale  these  rdnlive  pi'opoi'tioii-.  in  export  and  iinporl  trade. 
'J'he  siiinnian/.ed  rr>iilt  li'ivcii  deinoiistra! i's  coindu^i vely  tli:it  the 
Anu'rican  lu'puhlic  exports  larirely  more  than  it  imports:  that  the 
Americans  sell  to  foreiLrners  much  more  than  they  hiiy  IVoiii  foreii^n- 
ers  ;  and  that  tlie  Anierieans  are  a  creilitor  people  in  nci'ount  enrrent 
with  the  inlei'lr;idni;j:  niitinn-;  of  the  emth.  'I'his.  ti'uly.  i~  the  .■leiui' 
of  eoitiinerci;)!  siiperiin'ily  ;ind  indepeiidence. 


f 


72 

'I'lic  AniciicMii  Fii'iMii  is  tl'c  liirirfst  iiKiiliiocr  of  tlie  prooious  metals, 
•wlicrclnrc  u:m|i1  mipI  -iUcr  inii-t  lie  iidiird  to  ils  IucmiNi  iitr<.  Cdttoii.  oil, 
tolcicco.  pi()vi>ioiis  and  tiiiiiiiiriictui'cd  iirlirlcs,  flic  iiii.>Cfll:iiiy  Itoiiig 
distiiii'iiislu'd  !is  well  I'oi'  its  viivictv  as  lor  its  viiltic. 

k^iiicf  tlic  ri'licliion  ii^riiiiist  tlie  Union,  wliirli  was  supprt'ssod  in 
ISII"),  after  four  years  of  civil  war.  the  nation  of  the  United  States  lias 
more  than  donlihd  its  exports  of  donicstic  merchandise  to  foreiifii 
conniries;  and  since  l(^7-l.  uhcn  inllation  collapsed  after  six  years  of 
rampant  spccnhation  canned  not  iiy  the  war  whereby  the  rehellion  was 
suppressed,  as  erroneonsly  alh  ircd  hy  ipiack  political  ecomimists  and 
artfnlly  charired  hy  charter-clad  handitti,  hut  hy  the  Union  I'aciiio 
liailniad  Company's  (.'redit  Mohilier  contract  (>f  18(i7 ;  Northern 
J*acilic  and  Texas  I'acifn'.  and  scores  al'  oth'/r  railway  swindles  on 
in\cstors  cd'  small  savini:;s  :  the  incorporation  »i'  rovin;^  contract  and 
nn|irovement  companies  hy  tiu'  fie^ishitni'e  of  Peiinsylvaiiia,  particu- 
larly in  lS(ili-Tll-71  :  and  kindred  false  pretenci'S  contrived  to  cheat 
the  people  with  counterfeit  tokens  in  the  similitude  of  ne^otiahlc 
honds,  Never  was  history  more  cunninj^ly  per\ei'ted  than  when  it  is 
made  to  (dnirrre  to  the  war  of  ]^i(Il-(!o  the  lottery-|i()licy  railway 
lioiid  and  lionu-  railway  shiire  specula!  ions  (d'  JNtJT-T-).  And  liijrh- 
waynien  and  hri^ands.  who  incur  persoiml  hazard  in  their  out-door 
def)redations,  are  heioic  thieves  conti'a>ted  with  an  e(pial  innnher  of 
(dlicial  sneaks  clad  in  charters  irranteil  for  puhlie  ohjects,  hut  per- 
verted in  practice  to  promote  private  ends  in  dishonest  ways. 

'i'he  LroverniiH'nt  of  the  Uinted  States  had  resources  in  custom 
duties,  taxes,  etc..  to  ]iay  interest  on  its  indehtediiess :  hut  I'orporations, 
lirm>.  and  inilividiials  as  delilors  hail  to  pay  interest  out  of  principal 
liorriiwcd.  where  lli''  profits  earneil  were  insnilicienl.  ttv  i'ail.  And  as 
money  horr(jWci|  was  soon  expended  or  divided,  and  the  [irolits  were 
less  than  the  iiilerest  payalde.  disaster  was  tin-  inevituhle  conclusion 
under  the  circumstances. 

The  outlays  charired  to  construction  and  colhiteral  purposes  hy 
corporatioio  of  all  kinds,  maiia'icd  hy  lionus  financiers  and  hy  san- 
;::nine  men,  and  liy  lirm>  and  individuals  for  iiew  estahlishunaits 
devot,e(l  to  he  industries  and  manufactures,  and  for  alterations  and 
a<lditions  i  laile  to  enlartre  capacity  and  facditate  proilnction.  durini^ 
the  SIX  i'on>erulive  years  from  l^tiT  to  l>T-'i,  amounted  to  a 
prodii.rious  aL',i:regate  of  liahiiities,  hearing;  interest  at  a  rate  extra- 
ordinai'v  in  scune  cases  and  hi;_di  on  the  averaire  ;  whereas  those  who 
liou;:ht  Uniteil  States  hoiid-  iluiinu' 1  he  w  ar  invested  their  own  nnmev. 
and  con-eipieiilly  did  not  inem'  ildit  in  the  transaction.  The  war 
iil->orlied  capital  in  I  niied  Srate>  honds  for  investment,  and  to  ils 
ciedilois  the  ^overiiuieiii  lia>  hceii  faithful  in  the  payiiiiMil  id'  interest 


(•» 


f 


ripcnii'd  ;  hut  in  t1io  <ix  ycnvs  of  speculation  ('cnnimoiKMii«.'  two  yv.xri* 
iiftrr  the  war  liail  cmli'il.  Mini  al'lcr  the  ;iov(.'niiiiciit  liail  imt  <>\\]y 
C('a>i'(l  to  Ihhtow  Imt  liad  (Iccrt'USfil  the  national  ilclit  and  tlic  aniiiial 
int(;rt'st  {)avaI)!o  hy  the  I'nitcd  States),  many  innic  millions  of  indel.i- 
edncss  was  rashly  and  reeklossly  ineiirrcd  than  the  tnial  intere-t- 
hearin^  deht  (d'  the  I'liited  States,  which,  at  its  maximum.  Aiiun-t 
ni.  isii."),  amounted  to  ^li.oSl,. ■,:',( ».:iit4. 

This  is  a  larire  sum.  it  i-  true,  (diar^ed  a^rainst  the  I  nited  States  ; 
Tievertlieless  it  is  not  near  so  lar^'e  as  the  (diarL'cd  iiirrctisf  in  the 
liahilities  of  the  I'ailroad  companies  in  the  United  Slates,  from  the 
end  of  18(17  to  tlii'  end  of   jST^i,  as  witness: 

|S7'',,  |sfi7,  li,i'n'ii«r. 

Miles  of  IJailroad 

repc.rted  on,  M.'SM  ;5(l.()il(i  -".li.--':'): 

Capital  Stock,  ,^l.it4T,t;oS,r,84        .1?7r,H.:i-_':5,( Sl.llM.n.'...'.s4 

Fundcil  Deht,  l,s3(;,lMi4,4r)(i  41ti.t;:,.s.()(i(i  1.4:Jii.ii|(;.4.".o 


Total  liahilities,     ^:!.7N4..^4:!,ti:!4     ?*1. 17:^.s^l .'Hhi     sj.(;il.ilt;:^.i»;U 

If  the  entire  railroad  niileajie  in  the  I'liitrd  States  had  heen  re]iortcd 
on,  and  all  the  tInatiiiL'  imlehtedne^s  included,  the  increase  in  the 
liahilities  of  the  railmad  companies  for  1>^T:!  over  l>f'7  would  he 
ahoiit  .»?:l,(M»(l.n(l().(l()()  : 

At  the  end  (d'  js";'.  theie  were  in  operaticii  in  the  l'nite(|  States, 
of  railroad.  7<I.N,")7  miles,  IJailroad  cnn>tnictcd  in  ^i.\  y(ar>  eiidini; 
Deceinher  ■■')1.  1'"'7:').  m  the  Inite.i  States.  .•ll..')(IS  miles,  exceedin^r 
the  total  railroad  milea,LM'  in  tlu'  Initrd  States  at  the  oiitlireak  of  the 
vehellioii  in  lNt'«l.  Thii>  there  were  nmre  mile-  of  railroad  limit  in 
tlie  I'nitcd  States  in  tiie  six  years  suhse(|Uent  to  ImIT  tliaii  in  the 
tliirty-iive  years  prior  to  Istiii; 

France  prospered  after  the  disa>truus  war  of  l>'7tl-7l.  otherwise  it 

could  not  have  so  promptly  paid  its  eiioriiioiis  .ndeuiiiity  to  (imiiany. 

(Ireat    iiritain    has    had    m>   enstly  war  fo'   a   hm--   time,  hut    iireat 

Britiiin  is  depressed  to  extremity  in  \\<  trade  and   industries,  iiotwith- 

standinjz  it  has  enjoyed  a  loii^  peaee. 

Mi.rht  vears  claiised  hetweeii  the  fiid  of  civil  war  in  the  I  nited 
States  and  the  linaiicial  <Mi<is  in  \x'-').  in  a  diaL'iiosis  of  the  I  nited 
States  the  war  which  <-nded  in  the  >|>riiiir  'd'  I  St;.",  is  ii,,t  the  cause  of 
the  depressinii  since  the  summer  (d'  1^7:1;  on  the  cdntrary.  the  C(d- 
laiise  of  credit  in  l>^7:!  was  caused  hy  speculation  and  expansion 
commenced  in  the  summer  of  1m17.  piim-  to  which  date  '{'weed's 
Tammaiiv  Uin-,  the  Inion  i'aci'ic  Uailmicl  Cnuipanys  i'rr.lit  \h,l,l- 
licr  contract  which  siirpas,-ed  Aladdin's  inaL'ic  lamp,  the  S(UUliern 
Kaihvav  Security  rover,  the  iS'orthern   Tacilic  liailroad  h<uid  huhMe. 


74 

tli<'  r'alif'oniiii  and  Tcvns  ('(mstniitinn  CoiiipiiTivH  Texas  iind  Pacilic 

liailway  jiiLT'-dc.  and  kiiidffd  iii\  ciiti')!:-;  of  Itoiiiis  liiiaiic'ci-s.  were  not 
ill  existence. 

Tlie  cajiital  III'  a  nation  is  its  |irinci|)al  in  excess  of  its  deliis.  iiml  ;i 
nation  is  ridi  when  its  income  IVoiii  invesliiieiits  and  its  |ii'olits  iVoiii 
its  trade  jointly  exi'ced  its  interest  |pa_viiieiits  and  all  oiitLToes  cliarj^c- 
alilo  to  expenses.  Where  tliere  is  a  lialaiice  to  tlie  cicdit  n{'  a  year, 
tlic  surplus  of  income  over  oiit^o  is  ca]tilal  acciiniiilated.  I>iit  wjiert; 
a  nation  expends  more  tlian  its  receipts,  it  diminishes  its  capital  or 
incurs  deht.  And  as  (Ireat  IJritaiii  in  n  'en,  years  lias  importeil 
many  mil'iins  more  in  money  va  ■  t'  ■  t  hi'S  expoi'teil,  and  lia.s 
collected  a  i|imihi-lied  >iim  IVom  ii  'r.ir <:><:.'.  Jiivi  stmeiits,  the  coiadii- 
sion  is  thai  in  ri'ccnt  years  (ireat  I5m!  r-i  \>i..  hecn  living;  in  jiart  on 
its  firincipal  acciimulatod  in  prior  years;  tor  a  creditor  Great 
IJritain  ha.-  incurred  iiiiiiieiise  |os>rs  in  t'orei'^n  countries  and  corpora- 
tions. 


("II  A  I'TKK     \'  I  I  I. 

In  the  sjiread  of  coiiiiiierci'  nations  achieved  fireatness  and  cities 
amassed  wealtii.  uhich.  however,  neither  could  hold,  and  consequently, 
the  commei'cial  centre  of  the  world,  inoveil  from  place  to  place  aroiiinl 
ilie  Meiiiterrancaii  -hore.  and  thence  to  the  Netherlamls,  at  last  was 
sliit'ted  to  the  Tlianies.  and  Komhih  \v;i  (levelo|ied  into  a  vast  city.  IJiit 
Jjiiiidon  ea'inot  ;/n  nii  i:ro\viiii.f  i'oi'ever.  and  as  its  income,  commissions 
and  prolits  are  now  L'reatly  reduceil,  compared  with  years  ;^one  by, 
J>ondoii  may  ai  any  timesiiil'cr  i'lom  panic  ami  from  shrinkage  in  valiio 
of  leal  I  >late.  And  as  the  exodus  of  skilled  workiuen  from  (Jreat 
IJritaiii  is  certain  to  continue,  liondoii  will  ere  loiiu;  feel  and  siiow  tin; 
eft'ect  of  decaileiice  in  principal  iiive»te(l  ami  income  collectahle.  The 
V(tlunie  oi"  liii>ines>  may  he  larLTc.  the  mea-iire  of  profit  mav  he  small  ; 
machinery  sn],crsede(|,  propertv  depreciated.  mark(  is  divided,  corn- 
pet  it  ion  a;_'irre.-»ive  ;  the-e  are  the  tendencies  i>\'  the  times  in  (Jreat 
JJritain.  and  these  are  the  considerations  that  deti-riuine  intelliiri-iit 
llritoiis  to  >eek  the  rnited  State<,  where,  if  the  shops  are  full  at 
present,  there  are  cheap  lands  open  lo  settlement.  Iiiterestin;x, 
instructive  and  con.-olatory  is  the  miLnatioii  to  the  a;^'ricultiiral  lands 
west  of  tho  Mississippi  l!i\cr.  aliiady  penetrated  with  I'ailways  and 
provided  with  tran-poitatioii. 

'i'he  I'lastern  Stales  are  all  importers  of  atrrictillin  al  products  fi-oin 
tlie  Wot:  and.  meanwhile,  as  the  I'last  ^rows  in  population,  consuinp- 
lionwill  increase:   and-oihi-  W  e>i.  ii-<'ll' a  larire  consumer  of  its  own 


75 


]irni|iict<.  liMS  a  custniiicr  in  llic  Ivi^-t,  ami  licvoinl  the  Ka^tim  States 
is  Miifiipc.  l''(ii'  smplii-  |Mi|iiil;iiiuii>.  ;ii'ciiiiiulat('il  ill  paiiiciilai'  liianclu  s 
nl' imlii-ti'v.  a>  laliPi'  is  iliviilcl  at  |ni'-('iit  tiiiic.  tii'i'i-  i-  no  -udi  cnv- 
rccli/i'  ami  ri'uulatnr  as  ULiiiciilturc.  In  a  >linrt  tiim-.  llirrcinrc.  wiili 
]in>]K'r  ilutit's  iiM  tlic  itrnilncts  of  t'iiriii.Mi  lalM.f  at  >tai'vati(in  prices, 
till'  inteinal  alVaifs  ol'  the  I'niteil  Slate-  uill  ailjnst  tlii'inselves  tu  a 
now  (Ii.>tfi!iutiiin  ol'  dMnie^tie  eiiiiiloVMient,  ami  •"  al!  tliiiij^s  will  work 
t();:(llier  I'lif  tlu'  rniuiUDn  ^imd,"  like  train-  on  a  railroail,  to  a  new 
tiine-talile. 

('liiea;.'o.  aniai'V(l  of  ia|iiil  ;4iow  tli.  \s  ill  continue  to  (|eve|o|i  ami  in- 
ci'case  in  [io|)Mlatioii,  in  nianuraetiu'c- ami  in  trade;  St.  Ijoiiis  likewise 
is  sure  oi'  lon^:  continued  counnercial  (\\|ian>ioii  and  industrial  accumu- 
lation; New  <  )rleans  will  lie  tlie  eiif  re|.ot  of  prodigious  totals  of  cosino- 
jiolitati  coiunierce  ;   and  Si.  I'aul  \Nill  lie  cotispicuous  and  important. 

liike  tin;  Van^i-lsv-kiang,  in  ('liina,  the  Missi.->sippi  lliver  will  havo 
on  its  hanks  great  centres  oj"  interior  trade:  and  the  Mississippi  Slates, 
which  are  like  unto  naiion>  in  .'i/.e  and  re-Murces.  will  a  Id  million-  oi 
millions  to  pros|)crous  population,  where  ih)  loreign  enemy  can  invail , 
when' no  domestic  traitor  can  distract,  and  where  political  union  > 
political  life  everlastinir.  There  will  he  more  millions  of  inhaliitai.ts 
in  the  .Mississippi  ha.-in  than  any  nation  ol'  the  eartii  now  cont  ;■:•<. 
not  hetweeii  the   liidil-   lliver  and  the  \'elloW  Sea. 

AtmuiLr  'genuine  political  econouii.-ts,  the  hoit>ewire,  who.  with  a 
i\'W  dollars  a  week,  feceiveil  nut  oi"  her  hu.-l)and  s  earnings,  keeps  her 
household  together,  everylhing  neat  and  tidy  in  appearance,  and  sends 
her  children  to  school  week-day  and  Siimlay.  i.>  supreme  over  specu- 
lators in  theories,  iidlatiouists  who  collapse  credit,  ami  juggler.s  who 
aliuse  charters. 

If  Stephen  <Iirard  and  the  foundei-  of  the  .\-lors  could  take  a 
'•  l»ird's-cve"  view  of  New  Voi-k  and  I'hiladelphia.  what  e-timate 
wiiidd  thcv  ]iut  on  the  /'luni.'i  eleiueiit  in  railway  linance  ? 

The  oak  de\clops  from  an  acorn  tliriuigh  a  century  of  time,  whereas, 
after  a  .-liMWcr,  a  mushroom  maliire-  in  a  night;  the  charter-(dad  Jug- 
gler can  chlortd'orni  his  conscience  and  magneti/.e  his  linger  nerves; 
I, III  thou'di  Tuano  will  .luickeii  the  ij;roiind,  it  will  not  ser\c  for  sun- 
shine  to  ripen  LM'ain  lit  for  harvest:  and  however  lietion  may  eiitei'taiii 
its  readers,  it  is  hasc  and  dishonest  to  siihsiitule  ii  for  triilh  in  h  .ok 
accounts,  ollicial  reports,  oi'  anywhere  else. 

\  t)rovince  in  America  is  not  a  ]iolitical  hoily  in  etnliryo,  with  a 
head  crow  tied  in  prospective.  'I'hc  royal  toy  hrough*  disa-ter  to  it.s 
two  tem|ioi'ai'V  wearers  south  of  Texas;  and  in  the  luslory  which 
repealed  itself  in  Mexico  is  ;i  le-son  ni^l  to  he  left  oul  oj'  :he  calcu- 
lations of  an  v  roval  sprig  or  spinut    amhilioiis   tn  wear    a    crown    and 


mgt 


rMiiiiil  M  ilvii;ivtv   ill    Nnrili    .^  iiicrlcii  :   \'nv  tin-   new  wnrlij   i«   in-iihlcil 

iVnli.  tlic  iilil  li\  tlilTc  llinl|<,|lii|  liilirs  l>\'  A  I  l.'l  II I  ic  (  >rc;m.  wllicll  i-;i 
I'l'ITV   fnl'   nil  I  i'jIM' icill   ;illi|     itllfrlrmlt'.   lll|i|     likt'Wisc  ;)    li;lirir       t'l    lll:ir- 

)i|nt>  willi  |iii|iiic;il  |i|;iiis  ami  riit'iiiic^  with  ilcailly  \Vfa|M»iis.  The 
iimiii;;)'!!!!!  ami  t«tiiri»t  arc  wclcniiicil  ovci'  if-  waves,  ami  t'ur  tlic  |in'- 
iiK'iiitatc'l  ill  -iri'Vcr  nC  lilicrly  iIhti'  arc  .'rcrijy  iiinu^inx  in  it>  ilipili^. 

As   till'   lirail'-iu'S   nl'  a    tier   ciUIVir;.'!'   ill    it'    Illlllk,    >■!    the   luMllcllrS   III" 

tlir  ( 'aiica-iaii  face.  IVhih  ilic  cMtitiiiciit  ami  i>laml'  nl"  Miii'n|M'.  cniiii' 
ti'^ctlliT  ill  Wcilluck   ill   till-   AiniTicail    I    lliun,  wIhTc  tlinsr  wlm   rnllnwcil 

siiirc  ( 'iiiiiiiiliiis  'li-.cn\ I'li'il    liavc  Mruiilfij   a    iicw   coiuitrv  ami  cst:!!)- 

1      I 

li»lii'i|  a  iii'W  jinucr  lictwis'ii  two  x'as.  with  a  i|ci/cii  ijoni's  (ipcii  In 
l\iii<i|M'  I'nr  iiniiiiL'rii'ii'ii  .'iinl  t'\|i()rtatii)ii.  ami  a  ••  L"ililrii  ^'lU*'  '  o|irii 
iM  A>ia  ri'T  iiitcrtraih'  in  cnniimnlitirs  nf  (•uniinri'i'i'.  Ami  it'  (Ircaf. 
IJiilain.  as  a  nation  in  I'liifipr.  wnihl  lie  t'ltti  iid'  ruiuli'i/c  with  the 
rmli'il  Stall'-,  it  mily  iirrij  lir-t  ami  |iiiiiiaril_v  tn  lt'a\('  thi'  D.iiiiiiiinii 
of  ('aiiaija  to  llir  n|ilmn  n\'  ii>  inilwrllcrs,  carh  |iiiivinrt'  to  ilrlrniiine 
il>  own  t'litiirc  trai.silion  to  a  St:iir  of  the  I'liioii. 

Whilst  (ircat  liiitain  is  on  thi>  -I'h-  of  tlit-  Atlantic,  in  provinces 
ii'Tiiss  the  Anicncan  main  ami  i>Iamls  on  its  coa>t-.  the  I'niteil  States 
mii-i  con-iriie  its  a-se\erations  of  ili>i  in'_'ni>heil  coii^iilerat  ion,  ami  all 
that,  with  a  nielilal  resei'vatioii,  ami  imt  cease  to  reliieiiilier  that  tho 
l'ji;rli"li  "liclionaiv  is  piMlilic  ot'worils  which  siqiply  ili|iloMiacy  with  a 
vocahiihiry.  ami  which,  in  the  statutes,  aic  iiiaile  to  mean  what  the 
jmljXe  on  the  hciich  says  they  cxiiress,  in  his  o|iiiiioii. 

Towai'N  iu;  I'liiteil  States.  Iliis^ia.  on  the  other  liaml.  has  never 
>iiow  n  CI  |iii  Vocal  IVieml-hiii.  imr  In  •en  iriiilt  v  of  colic-  Ion  with  an  ciieiiiy 
III  time  of  war.  ci\il  oi-  foiciifii.  Ami,  as  a  logical  sei|ii(>iice.  hilioM 
Willi  wiiat  rcci|irocity  ami  coraiality  the  rnitdl  States  ami  itiissia 
clasp  ami  .-iiake  liamls  across  j!(  hiin;.'  Strait.  I'loin  the  shores  of 
Kaiiitscliatka  ami  Ala-ka  I 

III  the  siippress'on  of  the  niiitiiiy  ami  attciiiptci  revolution  in  Imlia 
ill  1^")T.  a  iiioveimnr  inspircl  hy  love  of  country,  (Ircat  Mritaiii 
traiisportcil  Oie  Kinir  of  l>elhi  to  where  he  soon  ilicl.  ami  killcil  his 
son  ami  ;:rairl>on.  ami  so  extiiiL'ni  hcil  the  royal  line  of  h':.;itiiiiate 
successors  of  tiie  ^reat  Mo^fiils;  for  the  Kiiijr  of  |)elhi  was  the  licail 
of  the  MoL'iil  empire  ami  a  potentate  of  ancient  linca;^e  ami  illustrious 
I'aiik  aiiioiiix  Iliml.ios  ami  Miissuhiiaiis.  IJiit  in  IJritish  eyes  it  was  a 
criiiie  to  he  a  native  Iciiitiiiiist  in  ilimlostaii:  ami  because  the  Km.^ 
of  hellii  was  the  iIcm  emlaiit  of  the  .Mo;.'iil  emperors  who  hail  riileil 
over  a  vast  empire  liefore  Imiia  was  ilislrarie.l  into  petty  sovercii^iities, 
therei'orc  the  KiiiL'  of  |)ellii  was  coh-iilereil  ilaiii_'erous  to  lli'itish 
supremacy  in  Imiia.  ami  so  the  KiiiL'  of  helhi  was  ilooineil  to  traiis- 
jiortatioii  ami  incvitahle  ilealli.  ami  his  son  ami  irrainlson  were  ilcjirivcil 


t  < 


(if   life     ill    (»|i|)(i>itin||    III    ;i  (livilic    (•(i|lini:l!HlliHlil     Mini     In     lllnckrry    iif 
liiiiiilinnil  jii«iii('c  ;    ;iiiil  tills  s;it:iiiic'  cnii'ltv  w;i»  iH'iii'ticfil  sn  tliiit  llicit- 

>llnl||il    lie   IK)   l(M;ill    rc|l|'(Sflil!l|ivi'   illivc   111    I  lllnlnstiin    |i)   rd;.'!!   o\i|-||lt' 

Miijrii!   t'lnplrc  n-vlvcil.  in   cmsc   ihc  imlivi-  df  liiijiii   slmulil  ithlii-  In 

an   ftVdi'l    In   (Aliil    llirir   |n,(i;^ll    i  .|  i|p|r>Si  il«    JIImI     I  fi'- tlllili»ll     lldllM'    rule. 

Ill  nilicr  \V(ii(l>.  ihc  iiiyiil  line  III'  hrlln  was  cMrniiinaMMl  to  |irc\f!it 
tlic  I'lstdiiitiiPii  (if  ii  tiiiii'-liMiinrcil  ,M(i|_'iil  rcixiint'  in  In  liii.  nilvcr^c  to 
l)i'itisli  niU'.  Ami  Ujijalis,  Kliaii!-.  and  oilier  native  ili^'iiitaiie-  wero 
iiaiij^eil  in  |M."i7,  for  |i<)lilieal  reasDii'.  \t\  the  l»nti>li  in  Imlia,  ulicn' 
the  "  kiiiL'  "t"  liea>ts  "  is  consiilecale  an<i  iiHTeit'i!!  In  nthcr  animals  of 
ilit'eiinr  ealialiilitle^  Inr  dereliee.  eniilia-teil  Willi  the  .>atra|»(it'  the 
iialiiiii  that  cairie-  the  linn  (ill  it*  enat  ut'  aiiii<.  aiel  inaki-s  '"  JJi'iti^h 
iiiteie»ts  "  a  jii>tilieatiiMi  of  CKiiiiiie'i  ['uv  irade  and  a  plea  tor  aei|iii>i- 
tinii  )|'  lenitorv  Inr  cidoiiial  eiii|tire  iiiMind  the  irlnlie  ;  e>peeially  in 
|ilaee.i  where  .-iilijii;;at  ieii  i«<  |irai'lieahle  thiii!i;:h  di|ili)iiiacy  and  siili«idv, 
where  s|ii(liati(iii  is  |iriilitaMe,  and  iineivili/eil  |)i)|iiilati((n  is  deleiieek'ss 
a;:aiii>t  treaty  ti  an>Iatioiis  ami  ninderii  Lrniis. 

In  aiilii|iii!y  III'  ei\  ili/alinii  1 1  induct  an  In  n;;'  antedate-  <  ii'eat  iSril.tin  ; 
and  the  did  plea  nl'  the  ( 'hri-lianity  df  (Ileal  Itrilain  is  iid  hiiiL'ei' 
availilhle.  >iiiee  it.>  iniiMiie  aL':iin>i  the  San  Slefaiid  Iieatv  to  |iidldii" 
the  .stay  oi'  the  'I'liik  in  Miii'dpe.  and  its  ai-eepiaiiee  di'  ('ypriis  Inland 
Jis  siih«.idy  idi'  a  dejen.^ive  alliance  with  the  .Mahdimtan  pdwev  that 
eentiiries  aii'i  ernssed  dver  iVdiu  Asia  to  Miirdpi'  and  wa^'Ml  war  a^rainst 
the  ('hn^liaii  iiatidii>  Id  exieriiiiliate  the  ('hi'i-liaii  iell;_ddii.  K.\ee|/t 
jur  the  inti'i  fereiiee  (jf  (ireat  llniain.  the  'link  wniild  have  Ik  en 
scdiir;:ed  dill  dl'  Miiidpe.  tnr  Ait-lna.  wilhdiil  liiili>h  ediipeialinn. 
was  iiii|niient  td  act  a;z'aiii>t  lln^-ia.  And  <ii  Aii.-ina  and  <  ireat 
JJritain,  hdth  Jealdiis  nt'  Jlii-Ma.  and  ImiiIi  ;„'reedy  fur  >pdiU,  ci»nspired 
a;:aiiist  the  ('liri>iiaiis  in  Knrdpeaii  'riiikey.  I'dr  their  dwn  iiiiitiial 
a^rLrramii/eiiieiit.  And  miw.  with  the  San  Steiami  lieatv  IhIwcih 
Uilssia  and  Tiirkey.  the  lieiliii  ('(in^re->  ut' the  >evcn  pdWeis.  and  the 
ileleiisise  alliance  helweeii  (ireat  I'.iitain  and  Turkey,  kiidwn  td  man- 
kind df  all  reli;:idns.  the  hypncri-y  and  seifi>lines>  df  (ircai  Kntaiii 
are  ol  recdid  in  e\idenre  that  will  endure  in  history  to  cdiilrdnt  pro- 
fessions contrary  lo  acts.  |{e\iew  l,drd  IJe.icdnstield.  the  l!riti>li 
held  in  these  dipldinalie  expldits.  and  wherein  is  there  prodf  of 
sinceriiv.  tniihfiiliie.«s.  di'  >iate>maii>hip.  that  will  stand  the  tot  df 
lidiicst  crilici-ni.  in  hi>  -harp  pr.iclice,  which  must  mil  he  cdiifdiiinled 
with  pdliey  tar.-ii:hled '.' 

( 'diisidi'fed  as  a  linaliiy  \'n\-  Kiirdpe,  in  tlie  interests  df  peace,  the 
Derliii  Coiiixress  was  a  failure,  hccaii^e  it  scttli'il  didy  a  {'v\\  id'  the 
iniiidr  and  adjourned  iimst  of  the  main  i-»ue-  of  the  (pie>tidn>  it  was 
called  td^iellier  to  di.scu.ss,  aroitrate  and  Sdlve,  for  a  time  to  he  uicusiiivd 


m 


imt  liv  iliiv-i   liiit    liv    veil'.       I'lit     IicI'mit    tin-    iiiril»il.*?<:i<lrHN    Ii:i<l    lu'Cii 
nli.'t'iit  ii  iiiciiitli  tVoiii  r.iTliii.  lirlmM  All-trill   II fiii;^  with  rctistiiiKM', 

II,    i|     lllililf    tn     |i;|_V    with     lllC     Mninl     iif    1|..     -.uMitTV     I'nV     it-     t  IVSjCMS    ill 
Ii   «lii:i  Mini    Ilfl/c^nviliil. 

TIlc  licl'lill  ( 'ii||;.'l"«''>^  piirlitiolic'l  t  Wii  |,r(i\  iiiccs  i»f'  'I'lirkry  in  .\il«tlM;i, 
il   l,i)li-cnlMli!lt.tlit    ill    llic    war  lii'l  Wrrli     l|i|--i!l   llli.l    Tlllki'V;    l)llt   wllrll 

A  i-tii:i  iiiiiiiliiil  iiiio  the  fcrrilni_v  iillMitcil  to  it  ;i<  its  prizo  l'<'i'  en- 
<i|,('riitiMii  wiili  (irrai  I'irifaiii.  lir^l  aiMiii^f  KiHsiii  in  tin-  ISiiIiruriii  nf 
till'  Sail  Strlaiiu  inaiv.  ami  ia-t  aiiaiiHt  Tiirkcv  iti  r»<i>iiiii  itml  lltT- 
/,t'i.'()viiia.  ilicii  tlic  pcnjplc  |M)rtiii)ii«l  nil'  iiiailc  ilcrcn^ivf  war  !i;:aiiist 
iin  a-i(.ii.  aiiil  .\ii<friaii  prcsti;;*'  lo<t  tlio  >liiiit'  imt  on  it  at  Kcrliii 
witli  a  l'>iili"ili  lirii^li.  Aii-tiia  cati  only  rule  wlicrc  slii-  'mii  t'oin|m'r. 
For  prt'scrviii;^  it  tVoin  ili-iiniiilpi'i'iin'iit  in  l>^l'.*,  Aii-tria  in  l^TH 
rt'paid  Kiissi:i  with  iii;.M'atiliiilr.  I'.iit  Scrvia  i>  an  iii'lcpemlfnl  nation, 
ainl  Ilnii'rarv  iiiav  vet  rc^'iiin  it-;  iiiilciK'nilfiicc  ol'  Austria.  There 
rrniaiiifi  iiinrh  tor  iliploiii;'  y  ami  the  >wdril  to  i|o  in  the  lia.-in  <<i'  thr 
haniilic  Hivi'i'  ami  south  of  the  IJalkaii  .Moiintaiii<. 

Since  |{n-»ia  ohtaineil  a  frontier  on  the  lllack  Sea  at  the  Kniopcr 
in  1774.  that  power,  previously  hoiiielol  hy  the  Caspian  aiei  tlie 
llaltie.  ha--  niade  one  aiMpiisition  after  aiiolhcr  aloiii'  (he  IMaek  Sea 
shores  in  Kiiinpc  ami  A-ia,  till  now  its  entire  noilhern  ami  ea-tern 
coasts  and  part-;  of  its  wcstein  ami  southern  eoasts  Iieloii;;  to  Kn-sia, 
which  has  reiraitieil  llessaraliia  ami  adileil  ]>atniini  to  its  harbors  and 
Kars  to  its  stroiij^lndds.  Nor  can  nor  will  llii.-sia  <-easc  to  ac<|iiire  tcr- 
ritoiy  or  inlliieiice  on  the  lilack  Sea.  till  it  shall  have  acipiircd  j^roiind 
t'Mseiitial  foi"  the  projection  of  its  eoiiiiiiei'ee  in  the  free  iiavi;^atioii  of 
the  Hosphoriis  and  the  hirdaiielles  to  the  .]'];^eaii  Sei  via  ('oii.-.tanti- 
iiojile.  a-  the  I'niied  States  enjoy  hetwei'ii  the  .Miv-i->ippi  l!i\er 
sv>teiii  and  thediiif  <if  Mexii-o  via  New  Orleans.  True,  wars  have 
procrastinated  Wiissia's  proirress,  hut  meanwhile  liiissia  ha>  I'Xpamled 
and  develojteij  into  a  colossal  ]iower  that  will  iiot  he  content  iior  satis- 
tied  until  the  >traits  between  I'^impe  and  A-ia.  which  the  Turks  have 
too  loiijr  straddled,  are  opiMi  to  its  ships,  and  it  can  [irotect  its  eoiii- 
liieree  to  the  MediteiTaiieaii   Sea. 

It  would  not  he  l(derated  in  l>eninaik  to  ldoid<ade  or  eniliariro  the 
sound  or  \<v\l  to  the  j.aliic;  noi"  in  <ii'(at  llritaiii  to  blockade  or  em- 
bargo the  Strait  of  (Jibraltar  nor  the  Knirlish  ''haniiel.  And  a 
frontage  on  the  -traits  between  the  lilack  Sea  and  the  .Meiiiterraiieaii 
is  as  essential  to  Itn-sia  as  Florida  to  the  United  States,  Dover  to 
Fn^dand.  Calais  to  l'"raii(;e. 

Fiiidaml  covets  F^vpt  and  the  Fiiphratcs  valley,  because  they 
contain  routes  U)  India  from  the  .Mediterranean,  and  loipiirel  ('vprus 
Island   because  of  its  strate^dc   signilicaiiee  a.s  a   naval   station,  with 


:!» 


rrlVri'iio*'  lit  tlic  Sue/  ('iinal  Mini  Kii|t|ir!iff's  rnilwny  rriiifrx  fn  FmliK  ; 
iiiitl  at  tlic  siiiiic  fiiric  ami  witli  tin-  'iiiiic  lirmtli  cMiit-i  iilmiit  |{ii««iaii 
M'.'L'ri's-ion,  ami  ?-in\<'s  tu  krip  tint  im.wit  mit  nf  < 'nti>faiifiiin|ilt'. 
Tlic  wmI'U  "  I'.riiish  interest^"  \\<\[h\  mtvc  ilir  il.vil  Wm-  a  sliuit 
JiiMitu  ill  |Kiii<li'iiii>;iiiiui.  a»  it  <\iu-i  {'nv  |iii|iti('iaii<  in  l.un.lnd.  \\]ut  liartfi' 
iiway  tlm  Cliristiaii  <'liiiri-li  in  Tmk.-v  to  sa\r  the  jiiiti-h  (|,,I!ai-  iii 
India  am]  cNj-wIich'.     (Iicat  is  tlic  rl.,llar  in  Uritain. 

Vnv  wliatcvcr  flic  rnitnl  Slafc--  may  tli'cm  iicccs^nry  nf  ciiactiiicnt 
ami  i\((iitii»n  to  |ii(vcnl  the  cstalili-lmicnt  of  i|vna>li('  ^roviTiimcnt  in 
ramnia,  it  lias  the  suprcnic  ami  ail-'Uilicicni  law  of  scl('-|)ri'S(  rsation, 
iMhlitioiial  tn  prt'ct'ilciits  in  flic  piactio'  of  (Ikmi  jiritain  w'lcrc  it 
(•(in>iilii((l  'W'.  iiilcii'>ts  |prHv|„.i-tivcly  iti\ulvc<l.  Ami  il'  jiiiiMi  Ijccts 
in  |iu.st  iiiiio  liiiil  tcnor>  to  iialions  with  >iiiall  mnic^  iitcl  imiici't'cct 
ild'ciiccs,  in  procni  time  ihc  l>riii>h  ironchiij  is  ini|iotcni  |.»  l,iilMo/.c 
the  torpedo,  which  i:-  a-  dotnictivc  to  an  iidii-claij  ship  of  war  as  to 
a  wood(>ii  tarL'ct.  In  the  account  l.ctwi'cn  the  |{ii<*i'i!i  torpedo  mid 
the  'ruiki>li  ii'iiti-cl.id  the  ernlit  iKiJaiici'  i>  lai  ^clv  in  fiivnf  u(' tlir  tor- 
pedo. The  I'oh'  of  the  iroii-clail  i»  fathci'  to  iiiciKicr  with  dcinon-tra- 
tii'iis  than  attack  with  pinjretih'>  ;  I'm|- the  iMipcijo  c|iar-id  tn  explode 
in  more  Id  he  dreaded  ihaii  a  ilniiti;,!.'  liattcry  in  an  iron  c|;el  -hip. 
whi(di  i.-  Miliieralde  in  the  same  proportion  that  it  was  ehiimed  to  lie 
iiivuliicral.le.  .\  Weather  vane  is  piit  up  to  p<iiiit  to  the  wind  and 
turn  when  die  wind  I'lianL'cs  ;  and  pnhlie  opinion  \vcij;hs  with  wei'j:hts 
in  a  tiiic  tialancc  aid  tiiiii>  <iii  a  pivot  in  L:iavit_v'-  centre.  IIcim-c, 
on  c.NMiiiiiiatioii  it  i>  (a«_v  lo  a-ccrtaiii  which  way  llm  wiml  hlow>.  and 
in  what  diiceiioii  piildie  opinion  lends,  (.'oncciiliiicnt  •A'  the  triilli  is 
iinpossilde  where  discussion  \\ini:ow-  as-ertioiis  from  faets.  'I'hat  the 
iroii-cla<l  has  disappointed  expectation  in  Knrope  i-  a  truth  patent  to 
cvcryliody  and  a  special  ^n'icf  to  Knirli^htnen.  hecaii'e  there  eim  iie  no 
iia\al  snpiemaey  whiUt  the  torpedo,  if  not  paramoiinr  in  the  waters,  is 
a  terror  to  iron-cl.eU.  .\nd  to  show  iiow  the  British  navv  cliieaned 
at  ( 'opeiiha^cn  in  |mi|.  at  Al^'ici's  in  I'^lii.  and  at  Acre  in  1^|<I,  the 
folhiwiiiLr  extract  is  copiei|  fimn  pa;;e  liT  I  of  Col.  d.  !'.  Clioiiev's 
'•  l{ii*so-'riirki>li  caiiipai;.'ns  of  l^il>  and  1  ><J!l,"  pnlilidied  in  I"^.".!, 
in  the  hci^iniiin;::  of  the  *  f  a^'ainst  l{iis.>ia  hy  I'Vaiice.  (Ircat  I'mm  lin. 
and  Sardinia,  as  allies  of  'i  iikey.  four  powers  a;_riiii»l  one;  a  war  in 
which  the  r.rili-li.  afier  iiioi  than  one  trial,  did  not  take  the  Kedaii, 
tlioii;ili  the  l'"iencli  ijid  tak''  liu'  MalakliotV:  wherrupo.i  tlie  lliis-ian.s 
retired  to  the  noiili  fort-  of  Seha^topol   and    were   not    driven    thence 


hv  the  hcsicjirin;:  adie^. 


Cwl.  Chcsney.   I!.  A..   I>.  C  L  .   V .  \l.  S..  says; 

'•  It  i.-  true  tiial  lliiee  leiiiarkahh'  ioNtance^  have  oeeiirre  I  in  modern 
times,  which  may  seem   to   favor   the  .siiperiorily  of  .ships  over  stono 


r 

Willis.      These  arc  ('i»|n'iili.iLrt'ii.  AIl'kms  iiiiil  Acre.      In  llic  iirst  ciisc. 

il   is  miilci'stciiil  tlijit   Nclxtii  \\;is  iiiilv  iclicvcil  IVniii  a  critical  >ifiiati(»n 

\<y  M'lnliiiLf  a  letter  <  .1  slmri'.  w  liieli  caused  the  halt  cries  nl  ( 'ii|ieiiha^cii 

til  ce;ise  liiiiii:  a:^aiii-t  the  ihcl. 

•■  In  tlie  seciiiiil    iti^laiice.  the   attack    mi    Al,i.'it'rs  was   iiia'le   iliiriti«; 

a    ■late  III'  |ieacc.       We  kimu   that  after  mir  licet  had  eiitereil  the  har- 

hiir.  iM>t  Ml  line  nl'  hatilc,  hut  aliiiiist  ship  hy  shi|).  ami.  cnnsci|iieiitlv, 

jrreatlv   e\|Mi-cii    in    the    i:arri«-iiii.  the    \>iiiiii   i '/i<ir/<iffr,  hy  the   a.lviec 

of  an    eii;:ineer  oilicer.  Sir    William    Iiicil.  K.  <'.  1',..  now  tiie  <listiii- 

L'lii-heil    liiiveriinr   nC  Malta,    was    )ilaeei|   with    her    Inoail-iile   mi    the 

Hank  lit' the  1:1  ami  er    iimle    hattery.      The    re-t    df  the    licet    hail    also 

taken    ii|i   ai|\  anta^reiiu,-.    |ii)>iiions   witlimil    a    shot    heiiii^    lircil    hy    the 

^'airi-mi,  until    Liinl    Ivxinmilh   waved    hi>    hat    a-    the    siLTHal    tor    the 

fleet  to  ii|ien  its  lire  ^iiiiiiltaiicmi^ly . 

••  ill  the  third  case,  that  ol"  Acre,  the  tlcct  was  iilso  allowcii  to  tak(> 
ii'i  |iiiMiiMn>  wiiiidi  had  hceii  jU'-v  imi-^ly  ariaiiired,  wilhmit  any  o|i|io- 
siiimi.  linnys  had  e\(ii  heeii  plaeed  hel'iireliand.  and  ulial  had  heeii 
a  »taic  o!  [leace  up  In  that  inmnenl  wa>  only  hinkcii  hy  the  npcniiiir 
lit'  a  leiiilie  liie  (d'  >hidls  and  >liiii.  when  cvci-ylliiii:^  was  ready;  —  at 
lca>i  oil  mir  >idc." 

l>rili>h  duplicity,  however.  pr;,clieed  in  its  naval  tactics  at  <"o|)cii- 
liaut'ii.  AlLner>  and  Acre,  as  descrilied  hy  a  coiupctciit  iJritish  military 
/iilthmity.  a  colmiel  in  the  lloval  Artillery.  ili<l  imt  a\ail  at  Schas- 
tdpol.  the  sicire  dt'  which  «as  emnimiiced  hy  a  joint  attack  of  the 
allied  tleei-  and  lorco.  (Ii'ioiicr  17.  I>-)I.  which  \\a^  iiii<iicccs>t'ul  ; 
nor  wa-  the  Mahikhotl'  takrii  hy  the  l-'remdi  till  Septemhcr  S,  Is.'i."). 
wiiiii  the  allies  entered  that  portion  o|'  S(lia>top()l  hd't  in  ruins  hy 
the  retiriiij:  l{ii«i<iaii<.  Neiiher  did  the  IJaltic  licet,  under  Sir  ('. 
Napier,  \entiire  to  atla'd\  (.'rmistadt,  which  del'emU  St.  i'eter>hiirL:-, 
in  tlie  |{iis«o-Tiii  ki-h-l""ri  ncli-IJritisli-Sardiiiian  war  of  1  S.Vi-lS.'it;, 
a  war  which  wa--  Wiii^cd  to  wrc-l  I'l  oiii  lliis^ia  the  Crimea,  and  other 
<:rmind.  hut  wlinh  ended  havin;.'  I{ii<-^ia  intact,  sa\e  ihai  its  IJe-sara- 
hiaii  corner  wa-  ciii  oil'.  i,d  li  wa»  retroieded  hy  tli"  San  Sld'ano 
treaty,  a  riirocis^iuii  which  the  ('miL'i'ess  ot'  llerlin  cmilirmed.  The 
('riiman  war  added  no  pri^li^fe  to  liiis<ia's  allied  enemies.  To  (iieat, 
Uritain  il  wa>  a  lo-s  of  prr-iiL'e.  The  war  of  1ST7-1>T>.  ended  hy 
the  Ireaiy  '>\'  San  Siefano.  heiweeii  llu>sia  and  Tiiikiv,  cont'crn  I  a 
lii-tre  on  lJii--ia'->  arm-  whicii  llie  ('oii_ric->.  of  jj  'ilin  ilid  Mot  dim  nor 
eclipM'  Willi  il-  own  |icrlorniances. 


si 


(■  II  A  I'T  K  i;    I  .\. 


<K  tlh'  ■J'.Mli  Julv.  IS7>^.  it  \\;i<  "tll(i:illy  iiiiiiniincci].  jn  I.uihinii. 
that  llic  M:iri|iii^  n\'  Kornc.  >uM-iii-l,i\\  nl"  (^hii'cn  \'irl(>n;i,  iiiil  liccii 
:i|)|Miiiit('(l  » iiivcni')!'-' ii'iicral  nl'llic  1 'niiiiiioii  ol' < 'miii'la.  siicci'ssor  to 
Ijofd  hiitl'ciiii.  'I'lic  Miii'i|iiis  of  lioriH'.  liiisliaiid  of  tlic  l'i'iiic(  ss  lioiii-c, 
is  tlio  clilo.-^t  soli  ol'ilif  I  )ii!<(' of  Afirvll.  lie  was  Iiorii  August  •»,  |S4,'), 
iiiid  was  man-icd  Mai'cli  _'!.  I>7I.  TIh'  rriin'o-s  Ijoiiix-.  tlii'  sixth  of 
the  uilio  i-!iiMi(ii  <>i'  (^huMii  N'icloiia,  aiid  I'liiii-c  Alhri't,  w  ;is  hoi'ii 
Man-h  1'^.  lS4>i.  Tlir  Manjiiis  u\'  \.<tv\n\  wh'i-c  mission  ii  is  tu  vivi- 
sect the  I  >oiiiiiiinii  uf  ('aiimla  with  mval  IiIoimI.  and  altciii|it  iht'  ta^h 
of  foiiiidiii'^  u  dviiiistv  ill  ilio  ^liail^w  of  the  liic  of  liln-riy.  in  >oil 
Hear  its  roots,  wliich  arc  »oiiiid  hkc  il-  liraiichcs.  is  a  iiicinhfr  "f  I'ar- 
liauu'iit  frmii  the  ciMiut y  "I"  Ar'_''yll.  Sroijaiid.  'Hu;  county  of  Ai'/vll 
is  ))o>iiiv(iv  iihcial  ill  il-  |i'iliiics.  and  tiic  Manjiii*  of  Ldnic.  who 
COMICS  to  America  |ir'ih;ihl\-  lu  jiiMpaLiate  nualty  in  di«ifiiisc.  pei'i-haiicf! 
ill  evpectat  ii'ii  of  a  pfiijiii  imis  sra-nn  to  declare  a  kiiiLrdoiii,  professed 
liheral  scnliuieiits  when  he  wa>  elecli'il  to  I'arH.inieiil  ;  hut  after  iiis 
liiai  ria'i-e  lo  a  daii'^hler  <d'  tiie  (jiiceii.  whcrehy  llie  ,-iihjeet  wa-  Haltered 
witli  a  coiideseeii.-ioii  sinL'uhir  in  'h"  -"VM-ei:,'!!.  he  acted  wiiti  the 
1'oiies  a>  unconditionally  a-  if  lu'  had  never  !.riveii  a  idedu'i-  to  liis 
Lilicral  eonstitiicncy  in  Ar'iyH.  Tlie  .Martinis.  iherel'Mre,  is  a  Hi'iti-h 
di|iloniatist.  wiio,  when  lie  says  one  tlniiL:.  |ierha|i-  nn  aiis  aiiuther. 
]>iit,  ill  America,  the  art  ot'  .^dvernnieni  i^  open  to  iiiii\er-al  -tiidy: 
and  the  iiitelli'_'ent  eleetdr  wlm  knnw-  Imw  to  wicM  the  hall'it  and  tu 
strike  wilii  it.  contemplates  a  inyali-t  with  a-  liille  awe  ;i-.  ;i  learned 
jihvsieiaii  looks  on  the  medicine  man  of  an  Indian  IiiIm.  In  repuh- 
lieaii  eves  kiii'i'-era.ft  is  a  tiMii-pareiit  •^llalll.  and  a  rnyal  court  i-  lur 
a  theatre  with  a  >taL'e  and  a  st^ck  company.  1'  nr  star  act.u's  in  pulii 
ieal  parts  ihi  we  iint  >earch  aiiieiiir  dr-I  iii_'ui-heil  miiii^tei-  who  -.er\ed 
crowned  head- ''  i>  iiui  Shak-peare  imiihirtal  in  the  realm  of  mind 
Jicyohd  till"  royal  eliaiMctcrs  depicted  in  hi<  jilay-'r  \)nr<  imt  rcMilii- 
tioii  upl'oiit  a  dviiastv  a-  a  lornado  iipinuts  a  tree':'  And  wlnre  the 
tree  stooil  hefore  the  -toiiii  de.-t  I'lycd  i!.  due-  not  the  ploiiLdonan  make 
a  I'k  -row  and  plant  sei'd  to  iilili/.e  the  j;ruund,  and  -o  turn  a  \  i-iiatmn 
in  wind  tn  ad\antaL:'o  in  a;_'ricuh  lire  .'  I-  lot  a  lire  in  a  ciiy  a  fles>. 
ilil_f  ill  Ihmie  when  a  >itc  is  cleared  for  nee.le  I  inipro\  elneiils  iiut, 
otherwise  atlainahle,  hccau>e  of  op"n>ition  against  teariii--  down  nid 
St  met  ui't.'s,  superseded  and  deprec,  ed '.'  l''orces  in  nature  aic  not 
diminished  heeaiisi'  now  and  then  a  >ioiiii  makes  a  eomniolion  m  the 
air.  and  thi're  is  destriielion  on  land  and  sea.  Ailir  a  tliiiiidcr--.i(ii  m 
the  atnio-pliere  i-  more  exhihiialing  ;   and  after  a  plot  against   nation- 


iililv  mill  IVcr  ■_"'\''i'ii'iM'iit  is  r\|ilni|i^l.  tlh'  1 1' il it i(';i I  ~k\  ipf;!  pru^rcss- 
ivc  |i(n|ilc  rc-innr-  its  iinnii;il  .'i/iirc  liiif.  The  sKv  nf  Mexico  wms 
tuicr  (ivi'i'ciisl  willi  cliiii'!.  liiil  ii  i-  II  iliic'l  time  icnili'aii.  if  imt  ^c^cnc. 
Tlir  |{r|)iilpiic  III  1*  riiiMT  was  twiic  .-ii |)|ilaiiti"l.  titit  ii-iw  |''raii('c  is  ;i 
I{('|iiiiili(;  [i)\  tlic  tliir(l  tiiiic.  u  atrlil'iil  ami  iliiciiiiiiii'il  noi  to  lie  aL'iiili 
l)cti:i\c(l  ill  till-  ilitrro!  ol' Ic.'il  imacv,  ilyiia.-I_v  or  ciiiliii'r.  tlii'c-  iniiiis 
III'  [insitiial  i."'\''i'iiim'iit  aiilaL:'iiii..ii(.'  tn  r('|iultli('aiiisiii,  liccaiiso  birtii- 
v\'^\iX  succi'ssinii  to  a  si'(|iti'('  is  rontrai-y  to  llic  i'i;_'lir  oi"  tlic  i^overiicil 
to  cliooSf  the  cIlitT  ol"    tlic  .I'lVl'llHIH  lit. 

Tlic  masses,  in  America.  iiii(lci'-<lah<l  ilicir  interests,  [lolitiral.  cilitca- 
tioiial.  leli'jioiis  and  |ie(iiniar_v.  ton  ,  ■'!.  aid  comiireluicl  tlie  situation 
ami  il>  >m  Ti'iimliiiL's  too  cKarlv.  li  tnlerate  a  kiiiL''lnni  or  an  e(ii|tirc 
ill  N.'i'ili  America,  or  |hiiiiii  a  ]iliptliiii:  pnwcv  in  Hsirope  to  illtl•i^llc 
a;:ain-i  the  aiiiicxalion  of  iVee  Slates  tcj  tlie  American  Union;  a  (.'cii- 
tiii'V  plant,  wliicli.  on  it-  liiimlreiltli  annivei-aiT,  in  l^Tt!,  hlossomeil  in 
Kairnioiuit  I'ark.  !'liila<le|pliia.  w  itii  tliirty-eiu'ln  S'atcs,  ami  Iiorc  eleven 
terriieiial  lunls  on  its  liiaiiclics.  IlnViiltv  is  a  ■.iiie  wliicli  exhales  a 
poisnii,  ileaillv  wlieie  it  caiise*  slcr|i.  -lu'llci'-  piir;i>ites  wlnre  it  crce|)S 
ami  co\er.-.  ami  kill-  ilie  tree  it  L'U'lic-  aid  oseiLrrows.  as  tlie  stumps 
of  punk  t'iin;_''ii-.  "u\\  tii  lor  timlcr.  in  the  ;^eiiealo;iical  park  teslily. 
ill  truth,  it  ua»  an  irior  to  iinpuii  \\\c  Kn'.rli>li  sparrow  into  the 
I'hiteil  States,  where  it  i-  out  ol  phu-c  aiming  siiiirin,ix  liirds,  thiit 
maki'  ihe  cuiintrv  aid  the  town  vocal  with  iiati\e  >oii|_rs.  The  Mritish 
tramp,  with  \\iiiir>.  liii>  n  wtracity  in  ili.-propoinoii  to  its  size.  And 
aninn'_'  more  musical  Atiicrieaii  liiri'-  in  preiiiei'  pliima;;'e.  (he  sp  trrow 
is  the  ei|ui\  aleiit  ot"  t  he  ei  mimun  I -I  in  the  l-'r-iich  iipiihlic,  am)  i-  an 
impuriatinii  to  the  I  nitcd  Stales  '•  icit   Hi   tn  he  made." 

Aim  iicaii  ciiiziiis  w  liii  >tiidythe  political  weather  aid  coiiPul  proh- 
aliiliiies  in  l>riti>li  politics,  will  not  tVateriiizc  with  tille  h.-arers  im- 
porled  iiiln  ('aiiada  In  act  aniomalic  pai'ts  in  a  ii'aiiic  nf  dynastic  (.'luss 
played  111  iiiiieluii  a;:aiii-t  tree  insi  ii  iitioii-  in  \iii"rica.  Let  cxliihi- 
tioiis  of  Inyahy  to  royally  ionic  frniii  the  St.  (Jeoru'c  societies,  whosi! 
mcmliers  are  imhced  with  llriii->h  idea-  in  fast  colnrs,  visihle  ihrniiLdi 
the  ink  ol   a  tiatiiralizatioii  ccrtilicate' 

The  Willi hy  I'rincesv  Louise,  imw  tiie  >Lirchion('ss  of  Lorno.  is  not 
iiinre  wnrthy  than  Nellie  (Irani,  imw  .Mr-.  Sartoris.  Ami  did  not 
ILiiriet  Lane,  imw  Mr-.  ..)..hn-on,  i|o  the  hniiurs  of  the  Whit"  Uoiisc. 
in  \Va-liinLri"ii.  with  as  iiincli  ;.'race  and  diL'tiity  ms  any  prince-s  in  her 
appropri.ale  part  in  W  iid-or  Castle 'r  The  law  ni'  ipialitv  wlmli  jtcr- 
vadi  s  .\mcricaii  oy-tei.-  and  e;_fi:s.  aid  eaii,-e-  their  cla--ilica!  mii  into 
"■;;ooil  and  '•  had.  al.-i  pervade-  the  tilled  and  iintitled  rank-  in 
I'iuropc.  where  tho.-o  who  pa.-s  i'ur  •' eomiiioii.>"  show  ;is  !urij;i'  a  [icr- 
contiij^c  of  "good"  iis  the  .so-cullcd  nubility. 


HI 


;is 


till 


ins 

til- 


("i- 


iiiii 


ii'i' 


rue 


III 


C'll 


|)S 


i|is 

fv. 


i;il 


isli 


Md 


u\v 


Mil 


nil- 


CSS 


11)1- 


OSl! 


fill 


not: 
nut 


ise, 


icr 


M'l;- 

lltD 


111 


>rV- 


U 


fs   a   priiK'('<s    lovelier    tli;iii    aiiotlior   Imly  in  a  I):itliiii;i-<uit,  in  tlic 
lireakers  at  Cape    .Mav  ami    liuckaway '.'      Aii'l    as    tVniii    the    time   of 


Kve's  first 


Ipre^iiaiicy  iiat  lire  has 


ii-ed  Iiiit  Mile  roimiHiii  mmilil  jui'  tl 


reproiliielion  111'  the  iiiiiiiaii  spccio,  it  IuIIdws  tiiai  the  process  ol'  iiiatiM'- 
nity  is  the  -aiiie  everywhere,  ami  that   the  a-siiinptions   of  siiperioritv 


a    lil'e   to   the   World   liy   a 
1    law- 


lire   111   universa 


in    Idrtli — ami   a   liirth    is   the  delivery   of 

matrix  of  siii;:le  standard  estaldished   hy  nat 

arc  uiifoiimled   in  physioletry  and   fal-t'  in  cvcrytliin^ :   also,  tliat  (lis- 

tinetions  and  discriiiiinations  made  to  ihe  advantairc  of  titled   and  tlio 

di^advaiitaire  of  iintilled    per-oi;s    are    alui-es    in    liiinian    L'o\erniiieiiI 


w  hleli  will    liol    lie   11 


ermilied  ill  Nortli  America,  where  there  i- 


mi  I'oai 


open  for  loyalty  to  ti  i\il  in  sal'ety  to  a  throne;  ami  where,  moreover, 
two  royal  roads  cuiiiiiK'iieed  in  Mexico  hoih  led  to  places  of  execution. 
'' Tlie  l)oiirI>ons  learn  iiotliin;^  and  fori:et  notliiiiL;."  Are  all 
dynastic  families  like  tlie  iJoiirhons '.'  An  i  is  not  a  minister  of  -tate 
who  c;iiiiiot  di,-cerii  that  dvnastic  irovcrnnienl  is  destined  to  perish 
liko   other    impo.-tiires    of   the    past    hased    im    >iiper>tiiion.    which    is 


eveix  where    disa 


pjieariiiLr    iVoiii    politjcil    hoii/.on-,  i 


these  latter  advanced  dav> 


.niiiial  nature,  iiowherc  jierlect.  mav  n 


inlit  for    oilier    in 


folll 


u  a>  near 


perfection  where    all   are  citi/eiis    a-    where    titles    and 


iiiiided    like    hioii/.e    |ii'e|iaratorv    ti 


honors  are  hereditary  and  -iiccessK.n  is  iiidi'pemlciit  of  merit.  N< 
no:  hiinnin  nature  is  not  coinp< 
('asliii'.f  a  statue  in  a  mould,  nor  like  ineial  in  a  hell.  iinprcLniated 
with  siUcr  to  >often  its  soiiml.  (ireaier  monsters  or  wor>e  men 
ne\er  lived  on  the  earlh  than  .-oliie  if  the  oeeiipalil^   of  the  thi'oiie  of 


Kii'daiid-      And    criminal    calend; 


I',  s    -how    that    a    iirince    can    he    as 


\VI( 


ked 


;is   a  iieasai 


il.      Awav  il 


leh    Willi   the  ari'i 


nice  thai  hereditary 
ollice  e.xalls  liiiinan  iialnre.  which,  where  it  attains  to  liii:liest  exalta- 
tion in  pnlilic    ami  private   life,    is  always    fou'eled  on   manhood  and 


\s  omaniiooil.  worth   an>l    vir'm 


Tl 


e   cili/.eii  rc-er\('s   his   veneration 


Slid  his  adoration  for  llie  on.'  imiver-al   (iod.  and   make>   allotineiil  of 


Ills   re 


■  peel  and  a  Imiialion  aciurdiiiL.'  I"  his  iindi  r-laiidiiiL'.  ex| 


lerieiici 


and    nhscrvalioii,   wiih    menial    !inpar;iality    and    without    |.ri'ierenc 
prejudice,  or  Inas. 


Tl 


le  l>rili>li  political    ".y-leiii,  which  |ierp.l  uatc-    power    in    a    pri\- 


ijeired  clas-,  ami  tolcratr-  ihi'  laws  oi  pniieejeiiitiire  and  eiilail,  pos. 
itive  drawhack-  to  n  form,  lia-  made  London  a  mammoth  and  ma>to- 
doii  citv.  ha-  madi'  ihe  do/en  md!ioiiaire>  and  the  million  companion> 
iif  po\cii\    "  aci|iiainiei|  with  j:ii<'l. 

'I'he  spi'cta<'ie  oi'  lionoi  in  plumes  and  rihlmii-^  and  dccoi  alum,-  on 
luaasi-  and  -Imuldci-  ennohled  !i\  partial  law,  not  hy  impartial  jus- 
tice ami  lioiie-t  eif  ri.  ilocs  not  lill  ilie  reipiireiiieiit  -  of  manliond  n 
sati-l'\'  ll Iiicaled    iiiiiid.  ipiick   lo  di-ceni  ami    alih'  to  weejli.  iiiea- 


or 


nie  ami  appii  ciale.       I  lie    .-m 


avoicii 


fir  t lie  pa lace  liocs 


84 


not  ;iii|n';i^r  tin'  liiiiijci'  nC  tlic  iimltitiiilc  in  Imvi'l-.  for  tlic  stnniarh  is 
sciisilivc  iiihl  ilif  ImiIv  imisi  liavc  iiiiui'i>liiin'iit.  To  lunviilc  tliiii;_',s 
to  t'Jit  iiinl  to  wear  i^  a  idiniiiMii  diity.  tor  food  iind  i-lolliiiit;'  arc  coin- 
iiinii  tii'ccssiiric- :  ami  innco  opiiortuiiitics  I'or  sii-tcMitatioii  iUul  bcttcr- 
lui'iit  oiiL'lit  to  III'  ()|pcn  to  ('\i'rvl>'>il_v. 

Wide,  iiidccil.  i<  till'  dill'rrciici'  lictwccii  a  citi/.i'ii  and  a  siiliirct,  a 
roptildic  in  the  liand>  oi"  i'r|iuMi('an  citi/ciis  and  a  nionarcliy  admin- 
istered 1)_v  ;i  dvnasty.  with  an  armv  tn  cid'oree  its  decrees;  jiarticii- 
larly  to  the  masses  who  work  with  Inain  and  inii-^ele.  operate  with 
niitid  on  nnitti'f.  and  anionir  wlinm  .nc  a  eonsiclei'alde  [pi'oportioii  who 
have  ideas  to  endioily  in  iiiaetie:il  use  aiiil  a-pirations  to  yealize.  throuirli 
rewards  in  >i.:lM  nrmaiilv  ainhilion  and   wiihin  I'eaidi  "I'  Imnest  efVort. 

The  ann-nil  uranis  reii'ive(|  hv  the  (Jincn  ot"  (Ireai  Uriiain  and 
Iivlaml  and  the  nuMii'ii  rs  ol'  her  I'amily  anionnt  tn  a  very  lar;;e  sum, 
aliont  three  miHion  i!nllar>.  I'er  the  rey.d  hoiisehnld  of  (ireat  IJritain 
is  a  numeron>  lamiiy,  which  deri\es  its  main  consideration  not  from 
sorviees  rendered  to  the  kin'jdnni  since  the  House  oi"  Hanover  oli- 
taini'd  the  sucoessinn  ilireiiL:li  (ienrLre  I.,  hut  from  the  circum-taiiee 
that  it  >upplie~  the  .-overi'iirn  cui  the  throne  aiel  rei;_rn>  hy  authority 
of  law.  wiihnut  conti'st — a  ^reat  ncilter — and  with  the  sancti(jn  id" 
I'arliaiiHnt.  the  Lords   and  Commons. 

The  Hoii<e  ol'  Haiiover  hcL'ati  its  reiifti  with  (ioor!.re  I..  171  I.  when 
the  iVimi'ican  colonies  were  in  the  inl'aney  of  <levelopiiient  ;  hm  neither 
ot"  the  I'liiii'  ( ienrire-^.  wlm  I'li'^ned  jointly  one  hundred  and  six  years, 
nor  William  IV'..  who  died  dime  IJO.  |s:'>7,  was  more  than  an  luajinary 
mortal,  considered  apart  tVoni  the  crown,  wliiidi  imc-ts  its  wearer 
with  oHicial  jiatrona'ie  and  royal   picroLratives  and  I'ijfhts. 

t^Mieen  \  ictoria.  di>linL:iii>licd  lor  her  donie^tie  virtues  and  motherly 
merits,  and  I'or  t!ie  liiLdnr  -tandard  e-tahli<heil  in  her  court,  and  who 
personally  eomm  iiid>  the  re^jieet  and  the  alleel  ionale  ;^ood-will  of  the 
I'l'iiji/f  ol"  the  l'iiit(d  States,  was  crowneil  at  Westminster  June  '2^, 
|s;',S.  (}ueen  \'ictoria.  o:ily  daiiLditer  of  the  |)uke  id"  Kent,  was 
horn  May  Jl.  I'^llt:  \v;|.  inarried  id  her  cnii-in.  rnnce  Alheri  id' 
SaxeCol.iii--.  I'"elir!iary  I'l.  l^\<*:  I'linee  Alheri  died  I  )ee,.inlier  II, 
l>'M.  lami'iited  and  iiiourMcd.  ,\<  the  issue  of  woman  liorn  into  the 
wurld  with  life  i<  nowhere  exempted  from  dealh.  the  coiuinon  peiialtv 
imposed  hy  o  I'ure,  there  i>  a  deniocratie  condi'ioii  in  the  child  horn 
naked  into  tee  O'oi  Id  in  hel|de»sne>s  and  dependence,  and  a  ilemo- 
cialic   condilioii  '  .e    le  I    dilary  potentate    when   d'/ath    levels   him 

down  oil  hi-  I'ack  n-  'he  like  his  siihject,  and  miii'jle  his  (just  with 
iiiii\eis;ii  i:.',ii\;ii'iiy  111  eotiimoi.  inoiiier  earth.  All  men.  tliei-ei'ore, 
are  hoin  dele  !  ■  «  aiei  d.e  deinocrals,  uherel'ore  deinoeracv.  primitive 
and  pun  in  atn"'.  where  party  name  eaniioi  c  .rriipt.  is  the  normal 
t  oiidilioti  of  I  lie  I  ■  :  ,'i>mo  '   I    1 1  .•iidiiii.i'  III'  man',-  sojourn  in  the  sul'K.'I  V 


Ho 


tft  wliicli  ho  owos  service,  in  tlio  yeai's  of  Iiis  rf«noiisiliility  lietwccii 
yoiilli  iiiiil  !!;.'(•,  wlieii  the  \  iirnr  of  iii;iiihiMi(l,  which  iiichiih-s  ;ill  <if'  life 
liiir  \{<  ends,  fits  l.iiii  for  ihity.  The  sii]teri(>rity  ch'iiiiie(l  (or  i-(iy:ihv  is 
:i  iiHi/kcry  nl"  s|)ifitii;ility  witli  iii;itei-i;ili<iii.  Di'l  iidI  tin-  Sun  lA'  (iinl 
say,  "  My  kiti;ril<)iii  is  nut  oi"  this  WdiM"  V  It  was  the  iiii--sinii  of  .lesiis 
Chi'ist  til  reih'eni  the  world  IVoiii  the  iieiiahy  of  :t>  >iii  and  a--iii'e  to 
mankind  a  possihle  hi;j.lier  life  in  a  s|iirilMal  sphere,  where  material 
matters  eaiiiiot  he  |ierverted  to  ennr<>iiiel  tlu'  iiias-es  iiy  arcli  dipht- 
matists,  lawyers,  and  niereenaries  ;  such  as  ahuiind  in  the  old  world 
at  this  ](resent  jiiiictMre  of  aiirasion  anionir  the  liratielies  of  the  race 
roiindrd  lpy  Adam,  saved  tVoni  diMwnin:^  hy  Noah,  and  made  jnoures- 
sive  hy  th(>  iiispired  words  of  the  Sa\iour.  who  wa»  eianalied  iiecaiise 
he  |ireaehi'd  airaiiist  teni|ioral  kin;.'doin.  l,ove  of  -pl(  ndor  wa-  tlie 
nun  ol"  the  .lews,  who  loved  Lditter  hetter  llian  (io.|.  And  wh"i'iin  is 
liOiidoii  hetter  than  .lenisalem,  i'or  docs  not  ],oiidon  eovri  enipiic  and 
lust  i'or  eoni|iiest  ^ 

In  ]iro|)ortion  as  intelliLrenee  is  spread  aiiioiiL'  the  penpj.'.  nouns 
will  lie  -liiirii  (if  their  prero^-ative^.  uliieli  in  jnost  easr-  are  ii-urpa- 
tiiuis,  and  w  I'itteii  const  it  ul  ion<  will  restrict  incuinhents  of  oilier  wi'liin 
linnts.  ("onlia<t  the  caskets  wliidi  contain  the  dust  of  deparied  kin;is 
who  rei_'ned  hy  dviia^tie  hirlhriixlit,  with  the  -lah  that  cover-  the  -rave 
(d'.a  patriot,  author,  diseoverer,  or  inventor.  con>piriioii-  in  Innnan  an nal-. 

(io  int(»  Westiiutister  .\lihey.  ami  ohserve  how  visitor-  search  in  the 
I'oet's  Coi'iier  for  names  perennial  in  the  readei-'-  mind  and  imiiiortal 
in  the  woi'ld  id'  letter^.  Is  not  Kn.'land  iiHTe  'ndehleil  to  niini-ler< 
of  state  than  to  its  kinir-  and  'pieeii-'.'  1-  it  iiol  notorinii^  that  Ini' 
Majesty's  ministers  niana;_fe(|  the  ("I'nwn,  tJianipiilate  1  the  I'l.rte.  and 
iL:nore<l  the  Iloii->esoi'  I'ariiamelit  lalheit  the  ("oinmoii-  ou^rlit  ■md 
miilil  e\ei<'i>e  a  eoiifrolliiiL'  inlliience  in  the  realm  i.  in  th,  ucjotiatioii 
and  ral  iliealinii  nf  the  Treaty  id'  i)ei'ensive  Allianee  with  Turkey. 
siLTiieil  dune  I.  I^T"^.  and  amenih'd  July  1.  t\\enty-si\  da\-  ilnreal'lei- 
^\  hy,  then,  as  the  d'own  of  Kii:.daiid  is  ca>t  in  a  siiliordmat"  part  i 
till'  piaclieeof  MiiLdand.  where  the  mini-try  ii-iiip<  the  I'linetions  "f 
•ioveriimeni  in  iiiakm;j;  licaties  w  itii  l'oi'eiL;n  power-,  u  herein  pio-peet  ■• 
war  is  made  prohalde,  are  the  p''inces  and  princes-e-  of  the  Hon  f 
llanoNci'.  a  <Jeriiian  u'lall.  <'.\altei|  in  oHjeial  and  <oeial  hono;- 
tlie  sons  and  daiii^htt'is  id'  Kii^di.-hiiien.  di-;tin;:ui>Iied  I'or  .-ervice  ;•» 
their  counli'y  ',' 

Conlemplale  the  t  'oinnion wealth  under  <  'roiiiw  '11,  a-  a  power  amon^ 
nations,  with  the  monarehv  in  ler  ('liarlo  11.  and  !,i<  -i;cee--ior-  ! 
I'rinces  and  priiici'«.-e-  arc  ne  n  and  women  horn  in  lawful  \\edlo(d<, 
like  citi/.in-  and  -nhjects.  ifHtiimi  ni'n'r.  Nor  doe-  liieir  so-call  ■' 
roval  hirtli  eninle  them  to  ei-Misidei-ation,  social  or  poli;iea|.  o\er  the 
son,-  and  daiiirhier-  of  ihi     I'nsideni   or   I're-ideiiie--   in  Wa-liiiiirtoii. 


«« 


III  tlio  I'liitcil  Stiitc-^  the  I'rrsidt'tit  rc'lii|»S('S  inti)  tlic  citi/cii.  jukI  Iiin 
cliililri'ii  McimI  ill  the  xicictv  nf  tlic  ('((iniii'iii  (•oiiiiti'V,  as  niiiiilrnps 
»lisii]i|)<'ar  ill  a  rivrr.  And  so  with  iiriiicc  and  priiifcss,  liu.-haiid  anil 
wife,  who  collie  nvcr  IVoiii  Kiiropc  to  liold  dlllci'  in  Canada.  Tlic 
( J(ivcrnoi--(  iciicral  and  liis  wile  arc  ollicial  cliafaclcr-*.  cntiili-d  to  the 
coii<i(h'ratioii  awarded  to  iincxc('|ii ionahh'  persons  in  distin;:;uishin;^ 
ollicc.  And  if  the  I  hike  of  Ar.ryll  '■<>  administers  Ids  ollicc  as  to  win 
admiration  of  hi-  modesty  and  respect  lor  his  talents,  he  will  earn  a 
naine  that  will  emit  a  lustre  which  ejinmit  lie  horrowiMl  from  a  title. 

The  American  I'liioii  ha-*  <leV''lopi(l  very  many  distiiii.'iii.-licd  men, 
who  exalted  the  ollicial  rank  in  wliiidi  they  served  their  coimiry,  and 
whose  names  lill  the  oilices  they  held  with  honoraldo  associations. 
r>iit  liccaiise  an  American  citizen  is  made  a  president,  a  ;^eiieral, 
s<'iiator,  or  amhassador,  to  perlorm  a  duty  for  a  compensation,  with 
nppoiMuniiy  to  >limiiliite  the  ollicial  to  win  fame  ami  deserve  ^'ratiliidc, 
success  uinh'r  siicli  circiimstances  is  not  a  reason  for  a  ^raiit  or  inher- 
itance to  his  eliildreii ;  for  the  citizen  is  under  ohli;:ation  to  discliar;:;e 
his  diilv.  and  for  simply  dninu'  liis  duty  no  one  is  eiititleil  to  extra 
prai>e  :  althou;.di  lor  service  mea>iii"i-d  liv  .iieril,  the  American  people  are 
iir<iiieanil  prompt  to  award  praise,  in  way<  more  siihstantial  than  words. 

The  moon  has  no  atmosphere,  and  coii<e(|iu'ntly  shines  without  a 
mist,  'i'iie  Aiiieriean  citizen  has  no  title,  and  is  jiidjred  on  his  <'harae- 
ter  and  record.  A  title  is  ti  \cil  and  so  is  a  cloud  ;  hut  a  Vi  ;.  like  ;<, 
cloud  is  only  a  tem|ioi  ary  ohscuraiioii,  for  a  cloud  will  pass  away  on 
the  w  ind  and  a  veil  is  a  peiietralile  disi^uisc  to  peiietratili;^  eyes,  ileiici' 
the  III  if-wcarei'.  like  the  weather  o\erhe:id.  iinist  witlisland  oh.^erva- 
lioii  and  criticism.  Like  the  ■^tar-  in  >^pace.  oliicials  in  titles  mii-t 
undei'<fo  scrutinv  throiiLdi  the  tolt'sc  >iie,  for  the  constituent  is  an 
astronomer  liiveii  to  exact  calculation. 

An  envelope  is  not  a  'ciiei-.  In  a  rcpiddic  a  title  is  no  more  than 
a  eoiiiili  rfeit  hank  note.  ,\!id  if  (iieat  l»ritaiii  wonM  capitalize  its 
ari>tociac\-  at  llie  par  of  il>  sidf-e-timated  value  :ind  then  apprai-e  it 
at  wha;  it  is  woilli  to  the  realm,  in  the  opinion  of  experts  appointed 
to  ilelect  and  e\|io>.e  fraud,  it  would  he  shown  thai  the  Tiiiki.-h  loan 
is  not  the  lai'i'est  iioiiiinal  a>scl  of  <ireat   llritain. 

The  Ma!ipii>  of  Jjoriie,  the  hii-haiid  n{'  the  Princess  Louise  and 
son-iiidaw  id'  the  i^Micen  of  (ircat  llritain  and  Ireland,  and  Km|tress 
of  India.  a>  >upplem(  nleij  \<y  Lord  lleacoii-lield,  is  ( iovei'iior-(  icii'MmI 
of  the  honnnioii  of  Ciiiiada.  in  the  service  id'  a  foreign  country  with 
which  the  nation  of  the  I  iiitecl  States  has  <_'r<'at  and  L'lavc  reasons 
for  dissatisfaction  and  di-pleasurc  :  nor  will  ihese  rea-ons  cea>e  to 
aeijuire  force  from  current  facts,  til!  the  Itrilish  iidveriiiiicnt  discon- 
tinues its  plot-  ill  .ViiM'rica.  where  it-  de-i^nis  arc  a-  inlelliiiildc  as  if 
priiited  in  its  London  progrumme. 


I N 1)  1-:  X 


Acri'.  I'>i'ili>li  l''lccl  lU,  . 

Alaska.  .  .  . 

Algiers,  llrili-li  I'lccl  ill, 

Aiiicriiii.  no  I  >vnasl  v  in,      . 

AninniM.  li.  A.,  I'lakcnnin  at  I'iit^huiyli, 

Area  iil    llir  Aim  rifun  I  niiin, 

An.-Iiia,  .... 

Ilallinnil'r   iiliii  ( )lii(i  llailroaii, 

Hcrlin,  ( '()iiirr<;s.-  nW  ,  , 

Hliick  S(>ii.  iiiicc  a 'ruiKi.<li  l.ako, 

Mdiimlarv  Line,        .... 

British  ('iiliiiiiliiti. 

liritisli  .',.ivy  lit  ('(ijii'nliaL':on,  .Vl;^i.'rs  a.ml  Ac 

I'lUtl'alo,  City  (if, 

(  anaila,  Doininiiiii  of. 

t'niiaija.  ( !iivciiii)r-(  ioaciiil  of, 

Canic'la  (iraml  'i'liuik  llailway, 

Cariaila  I'acilii'  Railway. 

Cartici'.  .Iai'([     'S,     . 

('Iiiiaji-(i.  .... 

Citizens  aiiii  .'^uiiji'i't.^, 

I>ollii  [>ynasty  cxterininatiMl. 
Divine  Hiiilit  cif  Kiii^s,  I'iiiiini  of, 
l>yi!a.'".iy,  not  in  Nortli  Aini'iiiiii. 

i'ai^flanii.       ..... 

I'",n;jli-li  'ractii-.<  in  .Atncrica,     . 
Kfic  ( 'anal. 

rii.'ti<ii\  of  hiviiii'  l!i;jlii  of  Kinij-s, 
rioli.la,  ... 

Kdi'i'ijjn  Ti'aK'  <il   'hr  riii!''i|  St.iifs. 
Koi  t  Honilioii,  allriwarils  N  oik  (oil, 
Fraiiia',  .... 

<li'vinany,     ..... 

•  Jiaiil,  (ItTicriil  r.  S.,   .  .  , 

•  iri-at  liiitain.  .... 
ijiiif  ot   .Mrxieo,  .  .  . 

ilaliiav  F;-iifiy  .\\v.(rrl, 

tloU.^l'   Ol     UuAUVCI'.  .  .  . 

1 1 II <t sou  |i>a\ .  .  . 

Ilittitiiin  Hay  i'oni|iiiny, 

Imlclibist  NaHi«'s.                                 i  . 

Imlia.  ."*ii|i|iit-.--Hiii  of  .Mutiny  in, 
Irciatui,  iio|iulivtion  of, 
llalv 


ic, 


HO 

:!ii,  .'!;),  ;!'.»,  •;■-',  71; 

bO 

.  'Jl,  CI.  T.-> 
.'» "J 
•Jn 

n.  11,  11,  -iG,  ,-.i,  i;7,  77 


.  ;i,  40,  47,  5(1.  t;7,  77 
11.  V:  7H 

1(1,  :!;i,  :i7 

5,14,21.-7 


;s,  <!,  1:;,  r.i,  ■??   •(::,  c; 
.■■  1 

5    "4    ''7    'IT 

•  ,  .  '"> 

'24,  liH,  7.-. 
7,  I.'),  28,  (J2,  lU;,  7ii,  .S2 


7,  2 

1,  2.-..  2.-<,   iil 

7(; 

i;2 
(;:;,  on,  7.'< 

■1^ 

i.V,  ti!i,  7.S 

.• 

. 

(;() 
i«;,  2;; 

.       71,72 

*<,  1 

2,;!2,  :;7,'i2, 

•                 ( > 

4(:,  ,'io,  ,■,.; 

11, 

).J,'i:.,  ;5;., 

.')1,  1;:;,  C,') 

11,    \!<,  5S 

4;i 

•     '       ''■ 

.       40 
84 

1 2.  ;J5,  ;i!» 

,       12,  3T 

* 

y.i.  •)? 

.      41,  T'i 

.      58 

11,  44,  5(1 

,ss 


l.:ikf  Krif,  .  . 

I,;lkc  Sll|ifli()l',  .  .  .  . 

l.lUr  Tl  )i\iisc,  .  .1 

l.iikf  \Viiiiii|i<'g,       .  .  I  • 

l.lllnlllll,  ,,...■ 

I.diiisiuiiii,  ,  ,  .  .  ■ 

Miiiiif.    ....■•• 
Miiliiklidll'  iiinl  Knliiii  111  Si'liii.>in|i(il, 
Mitnili>l>a,  .  •  •  •  •  • 

Mexico.         .  .  .  .        i      •  ' 

Mi'Mlc  S.ii,        .  .  .  • 

M  llllll-Dlll.  ....•' 

Miiiin-dlii  I'ivcr  V:illf,v,  .  .  . 

.Mississi|>|ii.  Ilii-iii  1)1'  till',  .  . 

Miiliiiy  ill  linliii,  .  .  . 

Nelson  liiver, 

New  Hollliililiy  i'el\.      11  MiUliloliil  aiul  Oiiliuio,  . 

New  Itruii'^wick  ami  Maine,  ... 

New  York  ('ii\,  ..... 

Nova  Scoliu  ami  Massaelui-eits,  , 

diilaiio,  l'i'o\  im'e   of.    ..... 

Oli};ilial  Thiileeii  SlalC.-t.   .  .  .  . 

rcMii.~\  1\  aiiiii  K.iilroail,  .... 

lMiila<iel|.liia.  ..... 

I'liiluilel|iirm  .'^ol.lieis  at  rill-l)m-;rli,  . 

I'ii'-'biutili.  .  .  •  .  . 

I'  ■ji;;!;ltii)n.  ...... 

l'o|inliilioii.  Nalivilii'>    pI.  .... 

I'uhlic  Opinioii  the  |iaiaiiioiilil  powef,  .  . 

Itailniail  I  lislanees,  .  .  , 

Uailwav  Kviiaiision  in  six  years,  .  . 

Ue'l   Kivei   ol    the  Norlll,  .  . 

I!e|)iililif  of  France,      ..... 

Iteviil.-ioli  oT   IM":!.  -•oine  ol'  the  ('aii.--ts  of, 

Itiot  not  Insniiiclioii.  .  .  .  . 

Kiissiu,  .  . 

.■^aiiil   I'anl.         .  .  •  .  .  .' 

.San  .liuiii  Ishlllil  .\vl<ill'atioii.  .  ,  . 

iSt-rlick  .Settlemeni,  .  .  .  . 

Siiocs   not  llaiineil  in  Aim  rica,       .  . 

.S|iiiiii.     .  .  .  .  .  . 

."^I.  Law  leiice  Uivi;;-,  .  .  ,,  . 

.^t.  I.oiiis,  .  .  .  .  ,         .     , 

Texas,  .  ..  ,  . 

Thirlci.n  (•ri;:iiial  States,  .  .  .  . 

Tm<le  of  the  I'niteil  ."-italo*, 

Transvaal  Uepiililic,     ..... 
Traverse  Luke  iSiiininit,      .... 
Turkey,  .  .  .  .  .  . 

I'lliteil  .''tlltt'S,  .  .  ... 

Viiiina,  CongiTSS  of,     .  .  .  .  » 

Wasliiiifrton  Territory,        .... 
\\'ashiii;rlon  Treaty  ol'  1S71,     .... 
West.  the.  l)i>nml  Ity  llinlson  Hay  uml  (Jiilf    il'  Mc\iro, 
Western  .Slates,  when  ailiniiieil  into  the  I'nioii, 
Weslerii  Ten  ilories,  when  organi/ietl, 


l'\..i. 

hi.  n 

,; 

ti, 

•i:\,  ill 

17,  ii 

1,  IT, 

•ft 

:;■.*,  .'lit 

i:i. 

.-.!•,  71 

11, 

•Jii, 

:v>,  (i2 

t;, 

•ji;, 

:!;i,  iiH 

•», 

•-'1, 

lij,  7.-. 

^7, 

;tii,  :t:) 
•.'0,  Ti 
IT.  '-"J 

. 

• 

1  .*,    '».' 

70 
.      -Jfi 

:>:>.  i;:p 


;!;i 


;!ii,  (i 


• 

•■•, 

."-..s'. 

III 

1 1  'i 

• 

• 

• 

• 

■.il 

• 

1  7 

'jlj 

T:i 

.  s,  [■> 

.'lit. 

ll.'l 
"•J 
5(1 

■;.,  I'J 

IT. 

■■'", 

TH 

• 

• 

IH. 

■>:'. 

. 

. 

10 

*/ 

• 

;">, 

:iT 

•     ' 

. 

1 

• 

1 1. 

.M 

, 

It, 

•J  I. 

i;! 

• 

• 

11 

• 

-|>, 

:!l 

1 '  <) 

• 

"  1 

'  >  .1 
"7"' 

• 

'  'i 

. 

i: 

•1,  .1.-. 

,^,0 

t;T 

7S 

:i,  1(1,  i::,  l!>,  'm,  '•!,  i:'>,  nr. 

.       II),   10 


.•i;i,  ,■.:> 

1,^  :;:. 

I '.I 

i;o 


li 

III 

•  ;.') 
'jr> 


